biology test 3

describe the DNA structure

double helix; twisted ladder

molecules that make up the sides of the "ladder" of DNA

alternating deoxyribose sugars and phosphate groups

molecules that make up the rungs of the ladder of DNA

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

3 parts of a nucleotide

Nitrogen base, Deoxyribose sugar, Phosphate group

the bond that holds nitrogen bases together in DNA structure

Hydrogen bonds

Explain the differences between DNA and RNA

RNA is a single stranded molecule, The sugar in RNA is ribose which has one more oxygen atom than deoxyribose, RNA contains Uracil instead of Thymine, so U->A

all nitrogenous bases and nitrogen base pairings.

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine (A->T; G->C)

Know the full name for DNA and RNA and the sugars for each.

DNA=> Deoxyribonucleic acid; deoxyribose
RNA=> Ribonucleic acid; ribose

Know how to describe/define DNA Replication, Transcription, and Translation

Replication is the process where cells make copies of DNA, to get a cell ready to divide, and to make proteins. Transcription is the process of DNA to RNA; it makes mRNA. Translation is the process of RNA to proteins; the result is tRNA. Translation is in the ribosome

the contributions of Watson, Crick, Franklin to DNA structure.

They are credited to have discovered DNA and give it it's double helix definition

Know the base Uracil - Replaces? Pairs with? Is it a nitrogenous base of DNA or RNA?

Uracil replaces Thymine in RNA, it pairs with Adenine

Know how to create a complementary strand of DNA (know the base pairing “rules”)

A=>T, G=>C

Know the location within the cell for replication, transcription, and translation.

Replication is in the nucleus, the mRNA goes to the cytoplasm, then the process of translation happens in the ribosomes.

When given a strand of DNA, Know how to create a strand of mRNA, tRNA, and code for proteins by reading codons for amino acids (Mystery Organism Lab). See the last page of this study guide for the codon wheel that will be provided on the test.

mRNA=> make a complementary strand to the DNA. (ex: AAU GCU)
tRNA=> complement the mRNA (ex: UUA CGA)
Codon for Amino Acid=> find the same 3 pair sequence of nitrogen bases from the mRNA (ex: AAU is Asparagine; GCU is Alanine

Genetics

The science of heredity, dealing with resemblances and differences of related organisms resulting from the interaction of their genes and the environment

Gene

The basic unit of heredity that occupies a specific location on a chromosome. Most genes code for a specific protein or segment of protein leading to a particular characteristic or function.

Allele

A variant form, or specific variation of a gene, some genes have a variety of different forms, which are located at the same position, or genetic locus, on a chromosome. Allele is also how a gene is coded, a comparison of genes and their differences, there is always at least 2 alleles

Chromosome vs. (Sister) Chromatid

Chromosome- thread-like structures located in the nucleus of a cell
Sister chromatids- identical copies of DNA attached at the centromere

Homozygous vs. Heterozygous

Homozygous- Having 2 identical alleles of a particular gene/ genes
Heterozygous- having two different alleles of a particular gene/ genes

Dominant vs. Recessive

Dominant- Allele that wins over the recessive allele
Recessive- Still in the gene, just not present

Genotype vs. Phenotype

Genotype- Identifies the alleles related to a single trait, or number of traits; inherited from an organisms parents; not concerned about the expression of a gene, just the pairs
Phenotype- Identifies the observable physical properties of an organism; expression of the trait

Autosomes vs. Sex Chromosomes

Autosomes- control the inheritance of all an organism's characteristics, minus sec-related ones
Sex Chromosomes- determines the gender

Karyotypes

A karyotype is an individual's collection of chromosomes. The term also refers to a lab technique that produces an image of an individual's chromosomes. The karyotype is used to look for abnormal numbers of structures of chromosomes

Diploid vs. Haploid

Diploid- A cell or organism that contains 2 copies of each chromosome. Humans are diploids
Haploid- A cell or organism having 1 set of chromosomes (egg/sperm)

Gamete vs. Zygote

Gamete=> haploid=>one set of chromosomes=>egg/sperm
Zygote=>diploid=>2 sets of chromosomes=> fertilization

Fertilization

The union of egg and sperm

Know the total number of chromosomes and the number of pairs of chromosomes in a human cell.

46,23

Know the phases of the Cell Cycle in order.

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

Know the phases of Mitosis in order.

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

Know the phase where cells spend most of their time.

interphase

Know the phase where DNA is replicated.

S phase

Know the phase where a cell is preparing for division (mitosis).

Interphase

Know the phase where chromosomes are first visible.

Prophase

Know the phase where the mitotic spindle forms.

Prophase

Know the phase where the mitotic spindle disassembles/disappears.

Telophase

Know the phase where chromosomes split into chromatids and move to opposite poles (centrosomes).

Anaphase

Know the phase where chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell (equatorial plane).

metaphase

Know the phase where the nucleus dissolves.

Prophase

Know the phase where nuclei reform.

Telophase

Know the phase where the cell divides the contents of its cytoplasm.

Cytokinesis

Know the structure that is responsible for moving chromosomes during mitosis.

Mitotic spindle

Know the organelles called centrioles–know the presence in animal cells and their function with the mitotic spindle.

Centrioles-> barrel-shaped things at the ends of the cell, 2 centrioles in animal cells, plant cells don't use centrioles. Helps form the mitotic spindle

Know the structure called cell plate–know the presence in plant cells and the phase that the cell plate is associated with.

Cell plate- associated with metaphase, in the middle of cells right before division