Units 1, 2, and 3 Biology Benchmark Review

Cell Membrane

Controls what comes into and out of a cell; found in plant and animal

Cell Wall

Ridged outer layer of plant cell

Cell Membrane

Controls what comes into and out of a cell; found in plant and animal

Cell Wall

Ridged outer layer of plant cell

Cytoplasm

Gel-like fluid where the organelles are found

Mitochondria

Produces the energy a cell needs to carry out its functions, powerhouse of cell in EUKARYOTIC cells

Lysosomes

Uses chemical to break down food and worn out cell parts, garbage collector of cell

Vacuoles

Stores food, water, wastes and other materials in plant cells

Golgi apparatus/ Golgi Body

Receives proteins & materials from the ER, packages them, & distributes them, post office of cell

Chloroplasts

Captures energy from the sunlight and uses it to produce food in plant cells

RER/ Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

"highway" that assembles and packages proteins

ribosomes can be found on the surface

Ribosomes

Assembles amino acids to create proteins

Nucleus

Contain DNA, which controls the functions of the cell and production of proteins

Nucleolus

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

Chromatin

Tiny strands inside the nucleus that contains the instructions for directing the cells functions

Cell

Basic unit of life. All cells contain a cell membrane and DNA

Eukaryote

Cells that contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles Example: animal cells, plant cells, fungus

Prokaryotes

Cells that do not contain a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles Simple Example: bacteria

Nuclear envelope

membrane that surrounds the nucleus of a cell

Organelle

Specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell

Chromosomes

Contain the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next.

Cytoskeleton

Gives eukaryotic cells there shape and involved in movement. A network of protein filaments made up of microfilaments and microtubules.

Centrioles

In animal cells located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division.

Smooth ER

Makes lipids

Chloroplast

organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into glucose

ALL cells have

Genetic Material

Cytoplasm

Cell Membrane

Ribosomes

Bacteria is this type of cell

Prokaryotic

A plant Cell is this type of cell

Eukaryotic

simple diffusion

Diffusion that doesn't involve a direct input of energy or assistance by carrier proteins.

Passive Transport

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane, passive transport

facilitated diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels, no energy required, passive transport

Molecular pumps

When a cell uses energy to pump molecules across the membrane through a protein channel

Active Transport

Endocytosis

A process in which a cell engulfs extracellular material through an inward folding of its plasma membrane, active transport

Exocytosis

a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.

Molecules moved by simple diffusion

oxygen and carbon dioxide ( o2, co2)

Molecules moved through osmosis

water (h2o)

Molecules who move through cell membrane via facilitated diffusion

Glucose (sugar) and Salt (C6H12O6, NaCl)

What is moved across the cell membrane via Molecular Pumps

Ions, charged particles, Na+, K+

The reason smooth ER is referred to as "smooth"

there are no ribosomes on the smooth ER

Similarity of viruses with prokaryotes and eukaryotes

contains genetic info (DNA)

requires a host to reproduce

viruses

Hypertonic Solution

Water concentration is lower, but solute concentration is higher. Water will move out of the cell into the solution, and the cell will shrivel.

Hypotonic Solution

Water concentration is higher, but solute concentration is lower. Water will move into the cell out of the solution, and the cell will swell.

Which structures distinguish plant cells?

central vacuole, chloroplasts, cell wall made of cellulose

Fungal Cells

Eukaryotic, Have a cell wall made of chitin

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes both have

ribosomes, cell membrane, genetic material, cytoplasm

active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference (Low to high concentration)

passive transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell (High to low concentration)

permeable

Able to be passed or soaked through

synthesize

to make

The name of the molecule required for active transport

ATP

Characteristics of life

• Be composed of 1 or more cells

• Able to reproduce

• Able to grow and develop

• Able to respond to stimuli

• Able to adapt and evolve

• Able to obtain energy from food (metabolism)

Tissue

Groups of connected cells. The cells may all be the same type or they may be of multiple types. In either case, the cells work together to carry out a specific function. (Examples: skeletal muscle tissue, contractions)

Organ

Different tissues working together to perform a function (Examples: Kidney, lungs, heart)

Organ System

Different organs working together to perform a specific function (Example: Disgestive system)

Organism

Individual member of a species or population

Population

Multiple organisms of the same species living together

Community

Multiple populations of different species living together

Ecosystem

community PLUS all of the abiotic factors in the environment

Biome

Multiple ecosystems that share characteristics but are located in different parts of the planet (Grassland, Tundra)

Carbohydrates

• First thing body uses for energy

• Sugars and starches

• C, H, O

• Monomer- Monosaccharides (single sugar molecules)

• Polymer- Polusaccharides (Larger sugar molecules)

• Found in CELLULOSE (Structural support in plant cell walls)

Lipids

• Energy storage (Long Term)

• fats, oils, and phospholipids

• C, H, O

• Monomer- Fatty acids

• Polymer- Triglycerides (Fatty acid chains

• Phospholipids make up the cell membrane

Proteins

• Enzymes, bone structure, transport, antibodies, receptors, energy

• Meats, nuts, and dairy

• Monomer- Amino Acids

• Polymer- Polypeptides (linked amino acids)

• Shape determines what it does

Nucleic Acids

• Stores and expresses genetic information (DNA OR RNA)

• C, H, O, N, P

• Monomer- Nucleotides

• Polymer- Nucleic Acids

Catabolic Chemical Reaction

break down larger molecules into simpler compounds 🡪 a release in energy = exergonic

Anabolic Chemical Reaction

build larger molecules from smaller ones 🡪 requires consuming energy to do it = endergonic

Activation Energy

the amount of energy needed to make a chemical reaction start

Reactants (Substrate)

substances that are changed during a chemical reaction

Products

substances that are made by a chemical reaction

Endothermic reaction

absorbs energy (in the form of heat or light) Ex. Photosynthesis

Exothermic reaction

releases energy (in the form of heat or light) Ex. Cellular Respiration

Enzymes

• mostly proteins that speed up biochemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.

• Because they speed up reactions, they are called catalysts = substances that speed up reactions without being permanently altered

• They have an “active site” that only fits certain substrates

• Can be “denatured” (deformed) by change in temperature, pH, and solubility.

Cell Theory

1. All living things are made of cells

2. Cells are the basic unit of life

3. All cells come from preexisting cells

solute

what gets dissolved

solvent

does the dissolving

Producers (Autotrophs)

Get energy from non-living sources, usually through photosynthesis

Consumers (Heterotrophs)

Get energy from living or once-living organisms

Trophic Levels

the levels of nourishment in a food chain

Rule of Ten

• As energy flows from organism to organism, it is used for metabolism and/or converted to heat.

• Because of this, the next organism on the chain only receives 10 PERCENT of the energy obtained in the previous level.

• The other 90% is used or “lost” as heat

Primary Consumer

Eats producers

Secondary Consumer

Eats primary consumers

Tertiary Consumer

Eats secondary consumers

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

made his own microscope and discovered bacteria by looking at dental scrapings

Robert Hooke

Came up with the term “cell”

Matthias Schliden

Discovered plants are made of cells

Theodor Schwann

Discovered animals are made of cells

Rudolph Virchow/Robert Remak

Proved all cells come from preexisting cells

Water Cycle

• Precipitation: water falls to Earth as a liquid (usually rain, sleet or snow).

• The Main Stages:

  • Infiltration: some water seeps underground from the surface of the Earth.

  • Aquifer: An underground layer of permeable rock that can hold water.

  • Runoff: liquid water that isn’t infiltrated runs along the surface and collects in bodies of water.

Nitrogen Cycle

a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms, consecutively passing from the atmosphere to the soil to organism and back into the atmosphere. It involves several processes such as nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, decay and putrefaction.

Carbon Cycle

the process in which carbon atoms continually travel from the atmosphere to the Earth and then back into the atmosphere

Phosphorus Cycle

the biogeochemical cycle that describes the transformation and translocation of phosphorus in soil, water, and living and dead organic material.

Nitrogen fixation

Process of converting nitrogen gas in the atmosphere into compounds that plants can take up

Ammonification

occurs when decomposers breakdown waste and decaying organisms, release ammonia into soil.

Denitrification

soil bacteria convert nitrogen (nitrate) in soil into nitrogen gas in atmosphere

Assimilation

living organisms take up nitrogen and use it in their cells

Legumes

plants with bacteria in their roots, bacteria carry out biotic nitrogen fixation

Abiotic Fixation

• Doesn't involve organisms

• Lightning converts nitrogen in atmosphere into a form plants can use (nitrate)

Atmospheric nitrogen

• N2 gas, makes up 78% of the atmopshere

• CANNOT be used by plants and animals

Biotic Nitrogen Fixation

bacteria in root nodules of legume plants fix nitrogen from the atmosphere to the soil in a form plants can use

Nitrification

ammonia is converted to nitrate ions (NO3

Consumption

animals eat plants and other animals as a source of nitrogen

Nitrate

Nitrogen compound plants prefer to use (they EAT the one that ends in