KIN 1Y03 Lecture 26: Appendicular (Girdle, Scapula, Clavicle, Limbs)

pectoral girdle

bones that connect your upper limbs (arms) to your axial skeleton

• composed of scapula and clavicle

• connects to axial skeleton by:

  • sternoclavicular joint: clavicle articulates medially to sternum (only joint that connecs upper limb to axial)

  • acromioclavicular joint: where clavicle articulates laterally w scapula

  • glenohumeral joint: where upper limbs (humerus, scapula) attach to pectoral girdle

acromion vs coracoid process

Acromion process: (on posterior) highest, bony point of the shoulder, extending from the scapula + articulating w clavicle to form acromioclavicular (AC) joint 

• ⤷ @ posterior POV – end of acromion process extends w scapular spine 

Coracoid process: (on anterior) smaller, hook-like projection that provides attachment for biceps, pect minor and ligaments

glenoid cavity + joint

cavity that forms joint w head of humerus

• joint that forms ball & socket joint — allowing for diff movement

subscapular fossa

(anterior of scapula) concave, triangular area on the anterior surface of scapula

• provide large area for the attachment of subscapularis muscle

• has small ridges that will line up w rib cage

infraspinous fossa

large, concave depression on the back of the shoulder blade region (posterior) where muscles will sit and attach

supraspinous fossa

fossa that forms form the subscapular fossa wall to the scapular spine

describe positioning of scapula

• posterior POV = visible to see scapular spine

• up-side down triangle shaped blades, tilted medially, with acromion and coracoid process pointing laterally

ends and body of clavicle

Acromial (lateral) end: flattened end of clavicle — form acromioclavicular joint w scapula 

Sternal (medial) end: more rectangular, with small fossa — sternoclavicular joint 

Body of clavicle: middle of clavicle also a weakest point in the clavicle that ū gets broken

glenohumeral joint

joint where head of humerus will form joint w glenoid cavity of scapula

greater and lesser tubercle

attachment points for muscles that form shoulder joint @ humerus

greater tubercle: larger, lateral “bump“ on the superior head of the humerus

lesser tubercle: smaller, anterior/medial,

intertubercular sulcus

groove between the greater and lesser tubercles that provide space for the bicep brachii tendon muscle

lateral and medial epicondyle (2 places)

lateral epicondyle: “bump“ on the lateral-inferior end of humerus OR DISTAL FEMUR

medial epicondyle: “bump“ on the medial-inferior end of humerus OR DISTAL FEMUR

capitulum

on the humerus, forms joint w head of radius

coronoid fossa

indentation that allows coronoid process (on the ulna) to stick in when flexion of humerus

coronoid process

bony process on ulna that goes into the coronoid fossa when the elbow is flexed

olecranon fossa

fossa that allows olecranon (on ulna) to stick in when arms are straight

describe shape and size of radius and ulna

• @ proximal end of forearm = ulna is bigger

• @ distal end of forearm, radius is bigger

styloid process of ulna and radius

the “end“ of the ulna and radius at the distance end — near carpals

carpal bones

8 carpal bones total, numbered from lateral to medial (4), lateral to medial (4)

• “stop letting those people touch the cadaver’s hand“

Carpal bone (proximal row): forms curved-shape that articulate w radius 

• Scaphoid: boat-shape 

• Lunate: moon-shaped

• Triquetrum: 3 corners 

• Pisiform: P-shaped

Carpal bone (distal row): articulate w metacarpal bones 

• Trapezium: 4 sides, not parallel 

• Trapezoid: 4 sides, parallel 

• Capitate: large head shaped bone

• Hamate: has hooked process – can feel palpitate from palm 

metacarpal bones

forms palm that is composed of base, shelf, and head @ distal end

• numbered (1-5) from lateral (thumb) to medial (pinky), ref to anatomical position

digits (phalanges)

in a finger = uuu 3 phalanxes (segments of the finger — proximal, middle distal) — but thumb only has 2 phalanxes (proximal and distal)

pelvic girdle

attachment point of lower limbs to axial skeleton

• composed of scrum and hipbone

sacroiliac joint

joint that connects illium to sacrum

pubic symphysis

cartilaginous joint on anterior side of pelvic girdle that connects the L/R side of pubis

acetabulum

spherical depression that forms ball/socket joint w head of femur — allows large degree of movement

• forms from ilium, pubis, ischius

• similar to the glenoid cavity in pect girdle

obturator foramen

“donut hole“ between pubis and ischium that allows the obturator nerve to travel down into the lower limb

coxal bone

AKA hip bone — forms pelvic girdle

• in adults — coxal bone is a single fused bone, made up 3 separate bones that fuse (ilium, ischium, pubis)

• job: connects the spine to the lower limb and supports body weight + attachment point for muscles

femur + neck of femur

main bone in leg (longest and strongest bone in body)

• rounded head will articulate w acetabulum

neck of femur — is a common site for fracture

greater and lesser trochanter

attachment point for muscles of the hip joint + muscles that extend down into thigh

greater trochanter: on lateral, more proximal side “bump“ (can feel it on your body sticking out)

lesser trochanter: on medial-posterior side “bump“

patella groove and patella

patella groove: on anterior side, found between the medial and lateral condyles — where patella will articular w femur

patella: upside down triangular sesamoid bone

• floating in quad femoris muscles

• help increase leverage of muscle groups by changing line of pull of tendon as it detaches to tibia

tibia

“bow shaped bone“ on the medial side (a lot more big than fibula)

• will articulate w femur

proximal features:

• medial condyle (big + round) and lateral condyle (flatter): articulates w condyle of femur + acts as points of attachment for muscles

  • lateral condyle = has indent that allows head of fibula to sit

anterior features:

• tibial tuberosity: anchor point of where the patellar ligament stops (@ distal end)

distal features:

• medial malleolus: helps form medial side of ankle joint (can feel @ ankle bone)

  • on the inferior side of medial malleolus = ident to allow for talus

fibula

small, lateral side of leg bone

distal features:

• lateral malleolus (lateral side of joint)

tarsal bones

goes in medial → lateral DIR (7 tarsal bones)

1. talus

2. calcaneus

3. navicular bone

4. 1st cuneiform

5. 2nd cuneiform

6. 3rd cuneiform

7. cuboid

metatarsals

long bones but numbered #1-5 from medial → lateral

phalanges of the foot

• hallus (big toe): only has proximal + distal phalanx

• all other toes = proximal, middle, distal phalanges