kolbe year 10 science human bio

sex linked genes

a gene that is carried on the X or Y chromosome

traits

A characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes.

mutagen

A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation.

nitrogen base

The chemicals that make up the rungs of the DNA ladder. A-T and C-G match.

nucleotide

A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.

phosphate group

A functional group consisting of a phosphorus atom covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms

recessive trait

a genetic factor that is blocked by the presence of a dominant factor

sex chromosomes

One of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the human, contains genes that will determine the sex of the individual.

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.

diploid

containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

dominant trait

A genetic trait is considered dominant if it is expressed in a person who has only one copy of the gene associated with the trait.

gene

A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait

genome

the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes

genotype

An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations.

haploid

An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes.

homologous chromosomes

Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure

meisosis

cell division for making eggs and sperm. it halves the chromosome number, creatung genetic diversity

mitosis

a regular cell division for making identical copies. its essential for growth, repair, and maintanence for the body

alleles

Different forms of a gene

Centromere

Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached

chromatid

one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome

chromosome

a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

variation

Any difference between individuals of the same species.

zygote

a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum.

mutation

change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information

phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.

dna profile

a visual representation of a person's unique DNA sequence

double helix

two strands of nucleotides wound about each other; structure of DNA

gametes

sex cells

guanine

The base that pairs with Cytosine in DNA

Heterozygous

An organism that has two different alleles for a trait

Homozygous

An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait

adenine

The base that pairs with Thymine in DNA

how many cell divisions in mitosis

one cell division resulting in two daughter cells

how many cell divisions in meiosis

two cell divisions resulting in four daughter cells

what 3 parts are dna made of

nitrogen base, phosphate group, sugar backbone

what is dna organsied into

chromosones and genes

difference between mitosis and meiosis

Meiosis has two rounds of genetic separation and cellular division while mitosis only has one of each. In meiosis homologous chromosomes separate leading to daughter cells that are not genetically identical. In mitosis the daughter cells are identical to the parent as well as to each other.

thymine

the nucleotide that hydrogen bonds with the nucleotide adenine in DNA.

complementary base pairs

A, T, C, G

cystosine

Guanine