LING: dialect presentations

Where is Jianghuai Guanhua spoken?

mostly in Nanjing and HEfei

phonological characteristics of Jianghuai guanghua

• 入声 (retention of a final glottal stop in words that ended in a stop consonant

• unrounded vowels

• merging of /n/ and /l/

• merging of -n and -ng

• no erhua

special grammar of Jianghuai guanhua:

A-not-A questions

• Nanjing 阿吃?

• Hefei 可吃?

disposal construction: 把 + N + V x2 (not a complement)

Where is Jin Chinese spoken?

northern China, esp. in the historical region of Jin

border of four provinces and meeting point of three dialect regions

What is so special about Jin?

the only major northern Chinese dialect group that is distinct from mandarin

preservation on 入声

special evolution of voiced initials

Jin in relation to other dialects:

• great diversity within the language itself

• central and marginal varieties

• shared features with neighboring guanhua

• systematic differences from standard mandarin

phonological features Jin dialect

• zero-initial + open-mouth dinal —> -ng + open-mouth final

• zero-initial + closed-mouth

• jian-tuan distinction

• flat-retroflex distinction different from mandarin

• voicing contrast

• [a] > [ɔ]

• [an]>[a], [ən]>[ai], [in]>[iei], [ʊn]>[uai], [yn]>[yei]

• 入声

archaic layer of Jin-hua

split-syllable word

kɘʔ-prefixed Word

Retention of Certain Medial Glides

personal pronouns

grammar of Jin-dialect

a rich system of particles

What is Taiwanese Hokkien?

• most influential Minnan (zuidelijke min) variety

• origin is in Fujian

• chinese linguists say its a dialect

• Western scholars call it a language

features of Hokkien

• not mutually intelligible with other Chinese dialects

• writing system consists of traditional characters + dialect-specific characters

• related to chinese but not fully understandable

distribution of Hokkien

in Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia

how many tones in Hokkien?

8

What is taiwanese Hakka?

• southward migration from the Central Plains

• began in the Western Jin Dynasty —> continued over time

• retains features of Central Plains phonology

• descendants of Han-Chinese

features of Taiwanese Hakka

• retains features of Central Plains phonology

• distinct pronunciation and tones

• strong cultural identity

distribution of Hakka

origin: Guangdong, Jiangxi, Fujian

spoken in: Taiwan, Indonesia, Malaysia

major ares in: Taiwan, Taoyuan, Hsinchu, Miaoli, Pingtung

how many major dialects of Hakka

6

how many tones in Hakka

7