final scream

heart

midsternal line, rib 2, diaphragm

heart dp

right receives oxygen poor, pumps to lungs left receives oxygenated blood, pumps through body

pericardium

membrane encloses heart

heart wall

epicardium(thin serous pericardium), myocardium(heart muscle), endocardium(endothelial cells)

right atrium

receive oxygen poor blood, opens into right ventricle

right ventricle

pumps into pulmonary circuit

left atrium

receives oxygen rich blood, opens into left ventricle

left ventricle

pumps into systemic circuit

right av valve

inferior, tricuspid

left av valve

above right, mitral

aortic valve

above av valves

pulmonary valve

superior, anterior

av valve function

blood return to heart, fill atria, press av valve open, fill ventricles, atria contract>ventricles contract, press av valve cusps closed, papillary muscles contract, chordae tendineae tighten

semilunar valve function

ventricles contract, blood force semilunar valves open>ventricles relax, blood flow back from arteries, fill semilunar valve cusps to close

heart lub dub

lub av valves close, dub semilunar valves close

systole/diastole

contract/expand

cardiac muscle tissue

ca2+ enter sarcoplasm, contract, ca ions released by sarcoplasmic reticulum, ions diffuse into sliding filament mechanism

heart innervation

not all innervated, rate set by SA node

parasympathetic fibers

branches of vagus nerve, decrease heart rate, restricted to sa/av node, coronary arteries

sympathetic fibers

to heart from cervical/upper thoracic ganglia, increase heart rate/strength, innervate sa/av node, coronary arteries

coronary arteries supply heart

left (anterior iv, circumflex) right (marginal, posterior iv)

coronary veins drain heart

coronary sinus (great cardiac, middle cardiac, small cardiac) anterior cardiac

ventricular fibrillation

rapid random firing ventricle impulses from crippled conducting system

atrial fibrillation

impulses atrial myocardium circle, stimulate av node, promotes clot formation, occurs in anxious episodes

circulation system

cardiovascular/lymphatic, cardio powered by pumping, oxygen nutrients diffuse capillary walls to body tissue, transport hormones from endocrine, immune cells, regulate temp

blood circulation

transport nutrients, signaling molecules, resp gases, waste

blood components

specialized ct, blood cells formed elements, plasma liquid portion

blood composition

hematocrit of rbc (47m42f5% vary), buffy coat <1%, plasma(largest)

plasma

sticky fluid, 90% water, contains Na+ Cl-, sugars, amino acids, lipids, waste (co2, urea, ammonia), proteins (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen)

albumin

prevents water from diffusing out of blood vessels

globulins

antibodies/proteins, transport lipids iron and copper

fibrinogen

blood clotting

blood formed elements

blood cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets), acid eosin stain pink, basic methylene stain blue

erythrocytes

transport oxygen (hemoglobin), most numerous, no organelles, short lifespan (100-120 days)

leukocytes

wbcs, protect from infectious organisms (neutrophils 50to70, eosinophils 2to4, basophils 1, lymphocytes 25to45, monocytes 3to8)

granulocytes

contain granules, ex neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

agranulocytes

lymphocytes, monocytes

t vs b cells

b cells attack invaders(become plasma cells and mark for destruction by macrophages), t cells attack infection(bind to antigenbearers, apoptosis)

macrophage

monocyte that ingests and destroys foreign cells

phagocytosis

cell membrane engulfs something to investigate it

platelet

plasma membrane enclosed fragments of cytoplasm, help clotting

hematopoiesis

process forms blood cells in red marrow (reticular ct, blood sinusoids) in spongy bone

bone marrow

red becomes cells, yellow becomes bone/cartilage

blood stem cell

hemopoietic, can develop all blood cells via progenitor cells

rbc formation

myeloid stem cell, proerythroblast, basophilic erythrob, polychromatic erythrob, orthochromatic erythrob, reticulocyte, rbc

sickle cell

hemoglobin defect, evolutionary response to malaria when carried, disease when dominant

blood vessels

arteries (away from heart), capillaries(btwn), veins (toward heart)

arteries

elastic (largest, closest, aorta, elastin dampen bp), muscular (distal, thick tunica media, between in/external elastic membrane), arterioles (smallest, sympathetic nervous)

tunica intima, media, externa

endothelial, smooth muscle, collagen

capillaries

continuous (least, skin), fenestrated (absorption/filtration, kidney), sinusoid (most, leaky, spleen)

capillary permeability

direct diffusion, intercellular clefts, cytoplasmic vesicles, fenestrations, blood brain barrier low

arteries vs veins

veins (larger lumens(65% blood in veins), thicker tunica externa, less elastin, thinner walls)

pulmonary circulation

pulmonary trunk leave r ventricle, r/L pulmonary arteries, gas exchange, pulmonary veins empty into L atrium)

major arteries

head and neck (common carotid, vertebral, thyrocervical, costocervical), thorax (internal thoracic, intercostal, bronchial), upper limb (axillary, brachial, radial, ulnar, palmar), abdomen (inferior phrenic, celiac trunk, superior mesenteric, suprarenal, renal, gonadal, inferior mesenteric, common iliac), pelvis (internal/external iliac), lower limb (femoral, popliteal, anterior/posterior tibial)

hepatic portal system

transport blood from digestive organs to be processed before reentering stream

portal systemic anastomoses

liver blockage raises bp, portal hypertension cause emergency anastomoses aka new route

aneurysm

widening of blood vessel

venous disease

inadequate drainage from limbs

lymphatic system

return excess tissue fluid to blood vascular system

lymphatic capillaries

near blood capillaries, receive ct fluid, high permeability

collecting lymph vessels

accompany blood vessels, more valves than veins, same tunics but thinner, nodes cleanse lymph of pathogens

lymph trunks

convergence of collecting vessels (lumbar, intestinal, bronchomediastinal, subclavian, jugular)

lymph ducts

drain trunks (thoracic empty into left, right duct 20% of people, empty into right internal jugular/subclavian) into neck veins

lymphatic stream access

lymphatic capillaries high permeability, allow tissue fluid AND bacteria, viruses, and cancer

lymph propulsion

tunica media, nearby arteries, skeletal muscle contraction, body movement

secondary lymphoid organs

lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils, aggregated lymphoid nodules(small intest.), appendix

lymphocytes

recognize specific foreign molecules, attack after macrophages

lymphocyte activation

origin rbm, blood carry t cells to thymus, develop immunocompetence, seed secondary lymphoid, circulate, antigen encounter/activate

primary lymphoid organs

bone marrow, thymus

thymus

develop t lymphocytes, active in childhood, blood thymus barrier doesnt fight antigens

spleen

biggest, remove bloodborne antigens via white pulp entry, remove old blood cells (leak into red pulp, macrophages digest)

tonsils

simplest, four groups (palatine, lingual, pharyngeal adenoids, tubal), ring pharynx

red vs white pulp

red filters, white produce antibodies

lymph nodes

filter fluid and foreign particles

nose

externally visible, moistens, warms, filters air, houses olfactory receptors, speech resonate

pharynx

connect nasal cavity/mouth to larynx/esophagus, passage for food and air (naso behind nose, oro behind mouth, laryngo behind larynx)

larynx

voice production, open airway, route air and food, made of 9 cartilages (cuneiform, corniculate, arytenoid, thyroid, cricoid, trachealx3), innervated by vagus, arytenoid to thyroid cartilage

trachea

larynx to mediastinum, soft posterior wall, cshape hyaline cartilage (mucosa airfilter pseudostratified epithelium, submucosa seromucus glands, adventitia external ct)

bronchial tree

primary largest, secondary 3 right 2 left each supply one lung lobe, tertiary branch into lung segments, bronchioles <1mm, terminal <0.5mm

bronchi composition

cartilage ring turned plates turned elastin, epithelium thins, pseudostratified columnar to simple columnar, simple cuboidal epitheloium

alveoli

air exchanging chambers (type 1 simple squamous epithelial, external surface covered pulmonary capillaries/areolar ct)(type 2 cuboid epithelial, secrete surfactant)

lungs

apex superior tip, base concave, hilum mediastinal indent, root enter/leave hilum/attach lung to mediastinum;left lung cardiac notch, superior/inferior lobe, oblique fissure;right lung superior middle inferior lobes, oblique/horizontal fissures, lobule smallest naked eye subdivision, innervated by pulmonary plexus;para constrict air dilate blood, symp dilate air constrict blood

pleurae

double layer parietal(pulls to breathe)/visceral(keep lungs from collapse), pleural cavity fluid between pleurae, divide thoracic cavity

conducting vs respiratory zone

conducting convey air filter humidify warm, resp zone gas exchange in lungs (structures containing alveoli)

upper resp tract

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium traps dust pollen virus and debris

epiglottis

tip backwards during swallowing

nasal conchae

filter warm moisten air, superior, middle, inferior, mucosa covered

paranasal sinuses

air filled cavities, warm and moisten air

nasopharynx/larynx

closed during swallowing by soft palate and uvula

voice production

gottis open/close, air force determine volume

surfactant

reduce surface tension so exhale doesn’t make lungs stick together

inspiration

diaphragm contract(instead of change shape), external intercostals contract

expiration

passive, muscles relax, rib cage drops, when forced ab muscles increase pressure

ventilation neural control

in medulla oblongata, neurons generate resp rhythm at rest, central chemoreceptors in medulla peripheral in aortic/carotid bodies, sensitive to oxygen levels

alimentary canal

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

accessory digestive organs

teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, pancreas

peritoneum

serous membrane, visceral surrounds digestive organs, parietal lines body wall, peritoneal space between visceral/peritoneum

mesentery

double layer of peritoneum, extend from body wall to digestive organs, holds organs in place, store fat, route circulatory vessels and nerves

digestive process

ingestion, propulsion (peristalsis move food down), mechanical breakdown (segmentation mix food), digestion, absorption, defecation

alimentary canal

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa, smooth muscle found in viscera walls, elongated fibers w one central nucleus, grouped into sheets (longitudinal layer (parallel to long axis of organ) circular layer (deeper, circumference of organ)), innervated by ans, whole sheet contracts together