Lab practical 1 (anatomical/organelles)

anatomical position

to stand erect facing forward, with arms at the sides, palms of the hands turned upward, feet shoulder apart

abdominal

abdomen

acromial

point/joint of shoulder

antebrachial

forearm (elbow to wrist)

brachial

arm(shoulder to elbow)

buccal

cheek (mouth)

calcaneal

heel of foot

carpal

wrist

cephalic

head

cervical

neck

crural / crus

lower leg (shin) — all of leg for crural

digital

fingers or toes

femoral

thigh

frontal

forehead

gluteal

buttocks

inguinal

groin

mammary

breast

nasal

nose

occipital

back of head

oral

mouth

otic

ear

palmar

palm of hand

patellar

knee

pelvic

pelvis

plantar

bottom of foot (sole)

popliteal

back of knee

pubic

pubis/genital

scapular

shoulder blades

sternal

breastbone/sternum

sural

calf

tarsal

ankle

thoracic

chest

umbilical

navel / belly button

vertebral

backbone/spine

lumbar

lower back

mental

chin

anterior (ventral)

front of the body / toward the front

posterior (dorsal)

back of the body / toward the back

superior

higher or located above on the body, nearer to head

inferior

lower or located below on the body, farther to the head

medial

toward midline of body

lateral

away from midline, towards the sides

contralateral

on the opposite side of the body from another structure

ipsilateral

on the same side of the body as another structure

proximal

closer to the point of attachment / origin

distal

farther from the point of attachment / origin

superficial

near the surface

deep

away from the body surface, more internal

sagittal plane

vertical division of the body into right and left portions

midsagittal plane

divides the body into equal right and left sides

parasagittal plane

divides the body into unequal right and left sides

frontal / coronal

divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) prtions

transverse (“cross section”) plane

divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts

oblique plane

divides the body at an angle (any angle)

dorsal cavity

contains the brain and spinal cord

ventral cavity

• thoracic cavity: divides into pleural cavities and pericardial cavity

  • pleural = lungs

  • pericardial = heart

• Abdominopelvic: divides into abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

  • abdominal = digestive organs, liver, kidneys, spleen

  • pelvic = urinary bladder, rectum, reproductive organs

important parts of cell

• cytoplasm and plasma membrane

• nucleus and nucleolus

• membranous structures — smooth and rough ER, golgi, lysosomes

• ribosomes

• mitochondria

• centrioles

smooth ER

where lipids are synthesized, calcium levels are regulated, and toxic substances are broken down

golgi apparatus

stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts and packages proteins

lysosome

cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell

ribosome

site of protein synthesis

cillia

tiny hairlike extension that move together in a sweeping motion

microvilli

really tiny hairlike extensions that increase surface area (smaller than cilia)

stages of cell cycle (mitosis

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

interphase

cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S and G2 phases

prophase

first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite side of the nucleus

metaphase

second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

anaphase

the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles

telophase

the final phase of cell division in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed

cytokinesis

the division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells after mitosis