Untitled Flashcards Set

Atom

The basic unit of a chemical element.

Molecule

A group of atoms bonded together.

Organic Compounds

Compounds that always contain carbon and hydrogen.

Carbohydrates

Organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that provide energy.

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars like glucose.

Polysaccharides

Large carbohydrate molecules such as starch and cellulose.

Lipids

Fats and oils that store energy and form cell structures.

Phospholipids

Lipids that contain phosphorus and are essential in cell membranes.

Fatty Acids

Components of lipids, can be saturated or unsaturated.

Proteins

Large molecules made of amino acids, vital for cell structure and function.

Enzymes

Biological catalysts that regulate chemical reactions in cells.

Active Site

The region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind.

Denaturation

The process in which proteins lose their structure due to high temperatures.

Nucleic Acids

Biomolecules that control cell structure and function, made of nucleotides.

RNA

Ribonucleic acid, a type of nucleic acid involved in protein synthesis.

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid, the genetic material in all living organisms.

Vitamins

Essential organic compounds needed for health.

Water

The most important inorganic molecule; vital for life.

Minerals

Inorganic substances essential for health and chemical reactions.

Macro-elements

Elements required in large quantities by living organisms.

Micro-elements

Elements required in small quantities.

Calcium

A mineral essential for bones and teeth, found in dairy and green vegetables.

Iron

A mineral needed for oxygen transport, found in leafy vegetables.

Fertilizers

Chemical substances that provide nutrients for plant growth.

Eutrophication

Environmental phenomenon caused by excess nutrients, affecting aquatic life.

Cell

The basic unit of life, consisting of various organelles.

Robert Hooke

Scientist who first identified cells in cork.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Scientist known for observing living cells.

Cell Theory

The theory that all living things are made of cells.

Magnification

The process of enlarging the appearance of an object.

Cytoplasm

The fluid-like substance within a cell, containing organelles.

Organelles

Specialized structures within a cell that perform distinct functions.

Cell Membrane

The lipid bilayer that controls the entry and exit of substances in cells.

Nucleus

The organelle that stores genetic information and produces ribosomes.

Mitochondria

Organelles responsible for energy production through cellular respiration.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis.

Ribosomes

Cellular structures that synthesize proteins.

Golgi Bodies

Organelles that modify, package and distribute proteins and lipids.

Vesicles

Small membrane-bound sacs that transport substances within cells.

Lysosomes

Organelles containing enzymes to break down waste materials.

Plant Vacuoles

Storage organelles in plant cells filled with nutrients and waste products.

Cell Wall

A rigid layer providing structure and protection in plant cells.

Chloroplasts

Organelles that contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis.

Diffusion

The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Osmosis

The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Active Transport

The movement of molecules against a concentration gradient, requiring energy.

Mitosis

The process by which a cell divides to form two new cells.

Cell Cycle

The series of phases that a cell goes through leading to its division.

Interphase

The phase of the cell cycle where the cell grows and DNA is replicated.

Chromosomes

Structures that carry genetic information.

Chromatin

The relaxed form of DNA in the nucleus during interphase.

Prophase

The first phase of mitosis where chromosomes condense and become visible.

Metaphase

The phase of mitosis where chromosomes line up in the center of the cell.

Anaphase

The phase of mitosis where sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles.

Telophase

The phase of mitosis where the nuclear envelope re-forms around the separated chromosomes.

Cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm to form two daughter cells.

Cancer

Abnormal cell division that can lead to tumor formation.

Early Detection

Crucial methods to identify cancer early, such as screenings.

Cancer Treatments

Options for treating cancer, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation.

Tissue

A group of specialized cells that perform a specific function.

Epidermis

Protective outer layer of plant cells.

Parenchyma

A type of tissue consisting of unspecialized cells used for storage.

Chlorenchyma

A type of parenchyma containing chloroplasts for photosynthesis.

Collenchyma

Plant tissue with thickened cell walls providing support.

Sclerenchyma

Tissue composed of cells with thick lignified walls for strength.

Xylem

Tissue that transports water and minerals in plants.

Phloem

Tissue that transports food in plants.

Meristematic Tissue

Tissue in plants responsible for growth and the formation of new cells.