b5 nutrition

photosynthesis

process plants use to synthesise carbohydrates (glucose) by using raw materials (c02, water) and energy from light

balanced photosynthesis formula

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

5 uses for glucose in plants

respiration, starch for storage, cellulose for cell wall, sucrose for transporting, nectar for attracting pollinators

limiting factors of photosynthesis

light, temperature(not too high or denaturing occurs), CO2 concentration, humidity, wind speed

test lead for starch

put leaf in boiling water, boil leaf in ethanol, rinse off in cold water, add iodine for test

how to prove chlorophyl is needed

use variegated(different color) leaf and test it for starch - green parts have while white parts abscent

how to remove CO2 for tests

use soda lime to absorb

how to test for net gas exchange in algae

use orange hydrogencarbonate(co2 concentration indicator) to fill 4 test tubes, one control, 3 with algae covered with gauze, foil and nothing. Foil will turn yellow due to respiration increasing co2, gauze should stay the same since some photosynthesis will happen and the uncovered will turn purple due to decrease in concentration from photosynthesis

2 most important plant ions

nitrate for protein synthesis, magnesium for chlorophyll production

how are nutrients delivered in dicotyledonous plants

means 2 sprouting leaves: through vascular bundles that are made of xylem and phloem

parts of human diet and what they do

carbohydrates(provide energy, rice, pasta), fats and oils(long term energy store, insulation, butter, oil), proteins(growth and repair of tissue, chicken, beef), vitamin c(prevent scurvy, tissue repair, immune system strength, citrus fruits), vitamin D(calcium absorbtion, sunlight, eggs), water(all chemical bodily functions rely on this), fibre(aids movement of waster through gut), iron(healthy blood), calcium(healthy bones)

diseases caused by nutriend defficiencies

scurvy-lack of vitamin c, bleeding gums and poor wound healing, rickets-lack of vitamin d and calcium, weak and potentially deformed bones especially in children

digestive system different name and parts

alimentary canal: mouth, stomach, liver, oesophagus, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine

ingestion

food and drink are taken into the body before digestion

4 types of teeth

molars, premolars, canines, incisors

structure of a tooth

enamel - outer hard layer, dentine - softer material forms the bulk of the tooth, gum - soft tissue that protects the tooth and bone, cement - tissue around the tooth that keeps it in the bone, bone - where the tooth is embedded in, pulp - soft tissue that contain nerves and blood vessel in center of tooth

why digest

so that se big molecules become smaller so that they can be absorbed by the alimentary canal

top 3 digestive enzymes and their variants(special)

amylase - in the stomach pancreas and small intestine it turns starch into maltose(gets broken down into glucose by maltase in epithelium lining in small intestine), protease - in the stomach, pancreas, small intestine it breaks down proteins(special stomach protease called pepsin and works best in acidic, special small intestine is trypsin and best in alkaline), lipase - in pancreas and small intestine breaks down lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

purpose of bile

produced in liver and stored in gall bladder, realeased into the duodenum in the small intestine and it emulsifies fats and neutralises the acidic stomach acid

what is absorption

happens in the small intestine and is the movement of nutrients through the wall of the small intestine

what is assimilation

when nutrients taken up from absorpion are used up and become part of the cell

purpose of villi

to create more surface area so that absorption happens faster, cells in the villi have lots of mitochondria for active transport and microvilli for even more surafe area

how are fats absorbed through villi

they move through lacteals, which contain a fluid called lymph, that merge into a larger vessel before going into the blood. they also have one cell thick walls for faster absorbtion