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Cycloalkanes
Saturated cyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n.
Cis-Trans Isomerism
A form of stereoisomerism where substituents are on the same side (cis) or opposite sides (trans) of a ring.
Angle Strain
Strain in a cycloalkane due to bond angles deviating from the ideal tetrahedral value of 109 degrees.
Torsional Strain
Strain caused by eclipsing interactions between neighboring bonds in a cycloalkane.
Steric Strain
Strain resulting from repulsive interactions between non-bonded atoms that are too close together.
Chair Conformation
A strain-free three-dimensional shape adopted by cyclohexane, with bond angles near 109 degrees.
Axial Position (cyclohexane)
A substituent position on the cyclohexane ring that is parallel to the ring axis.
Equatorial Position (cyclohexane)
A substituent position on the cyclohexane ring that is in the rough plane of the ring.
Ring-Flip (cyclohexane)
The process by which a chair cyclohexane conformation interconverts between its axial and equatorial substituent positions.
1,3-Diaxial Interaction
Steric strain that arises when an axial substituent interacts with hydrogens on carbons three away in a cyclohexane structure.
Stereochemical Isomers
Compounds that differ in the spatial arrangement of atoms while having the same molecular formula.
Polyclyclic Molecule
A molecule that contains two or more interconnected rings.
Conformational Analysis
The study of the three-dimensional shapes (conformations) of molecules.
Cyclopropane
A three-membered ring compound characterized by significant angle strain due to its small ring size, resulting in higher reactivity compared to larger rings.
Cyclobutane
A four-membered ring compound that has less angle strain than cyclopropane but more torsional strain.
Cyclopentane
A five-membered ring with negligible angle strain that adopts a puckered conformation to minimize torsional strain.
Strain Energy
The extra energy present in a molecule due to various types of strain (angle, torsional, and steric) compared to a strain-free reference.
Alicyclic Compounds
Compounds that are cyclic but are not aromatic; they contain carbon atoms arranged in a ring and can be saturated or unsaturated.
Boat Conformation
A less stable conformation of cyclohexane that has the shape of a boat, characterized by two axial hydrogens on each end and steric interactions between these hydrogens.
Bridgehead Atom
An atom located at the intersection of two or more rings in a polycyclic compound.
Twist Boat Conformation
A conformation of cyclohexane that reduces steric strain by twisting the boat shape, resulting in less torsional strain compared to the regular boat conformation.
