Pathophysiology Ch 2: Causes and Mechanisms of Disease

Heredity Diseases

Caused by an abnormality in the individual's genetic or chromosomal makeup, may or may not be present at birth

Single Gene Disease

Disease caused by abnormalities in a single gene; e.g., Cystic Fibrosis

Chromosomal Abnormalities

Diseases caused by chromosomal defects; e.g., Down Syndrome

Traumatic Diseases

The result of physical injury by an external force, the leading cause of death in young adults & children.

Golden Hour

First 60 minutes post-injury crucial for optimal outcomes

Triage

Prioritization of patients based on signs, age, symptoms, and medical history

Inflammation

Immune response to injury or irritant, characterized by Erythema (redness), heat, swelling, pain loss motion. Can progress to infection if not treated.

Infection

Invasion of microorganisms causing cell or tissue injury, indicted tissue will be inflammmed. Ex. Appendicitis

Congenital Disorders

Hereditary diseases present at birth (even if not apparent), not all are inherited; e.g., fetal alcohol syndrome

Polygenic Disease

Disease influenced by multiple genes; e.g., Hypertension

Hyperplasia

Excessive growth in response to stimuli; e.g., goiter due to hormonal deficiency

Neoplasms

Abnormal growths or tumors, can be benign (limited growth) or malignant (uncontrollable growth)

Metastasic

Spread of cancer cells from one part of the body to another.

Nutritional Disorders

Result from imbalanced nutrition, affecting physical growth and mental health.

Malnutrition

Condition of ill appearance due to inadequate nutrition, common in cancer patients

Parenteral

Delivery route for fluid or medications through subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intravenous administration.

Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)

Providing nutritive liquid through a venous route.

Central Venous Catheter (CVC)

A catheter inserted into a large vein, usually for medical treatment.

Obesity

Defined as having too much body fat, due to overcomsumption or nutrients and lack of excersise.

Body Mass Index (BMI)

Calculated by weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared, categorizing weight status.

Bariatrics

The branch of medicine that deals with the causes, prevention, and treatment of obesity.

Vitamin or Mineral Excess or Deficiency

Usually related to diet, metabolic disorders, and medications.

Impaired Immunity

When the immune system is not functioning properly.

Allergy

An immune response that is too intense or hypersensitive to an environmental substance.

Autoimmunity

When the immune response attacks the body itself.

Immunodeficiency

When the immune response is unable to defend the body effectively, due to a decrease or absence of leukocytes.

Aging

A progressive and irreversible process that leads to degenerative diseases.

Cellular Injury

Damage to cells due to various factors like trauma, drugs, viruses, toxins, or lack of oxygen.

Cellular Adaptation

The ability of a cell to change back to its normal structure after exposure to adverse conditions.

Atrophy

A decrease in cell size leading to a decrease in tissue and organ size.

Hypertrophy

An increase in cell size leading to an increase in tissue and organ size. (change in size of the cells)

Hyperplasia

Increase in cell number due to horomonal stimulation. (change in number of the cells).

Dysplasia

An alteration in size, shape, or organization of a cell.

Metaplasia

Cellular adaptation where a cell changes to another type of cell.

Neoplasia

Development of a new type of cell with uncontrollable growth.

Cell and Tissue Death

May occur due to factors like ischemia (cell hypoxia, dereased blood flow), necrosis (cell death), Infarct, necrosis due to ischemia.

Wet Gangrene

Caused by a sudden stoppage of blood flow as in burning, freezing, or embolism (blockage in a blood vessel), often acute and painful.

Dry Gangrene

Caused by a decrease in blood flow, as in arteriosclerosis or advanced diabetes.

Gas Gangrene

Infected tissue due to anaerobic (without oxygen) bacteria that produce toxic gas, often acute and fatal.

Organism Death

Death of an organism due to various causes, including disease and aging.

Morbidity

The state of being diseased.

Brain Death Guidelines

Criteria for determining brain death, including lack of response to stimuli and absence of brain activity.

Causes of diesase

Trauma, heredity, neoplasms & hyperplasia, infection & inflammation, nutritional imbalance and impaired immunity

Chromosomal and genetic abnormalities

May be present at brith and have no effect on the individual or lead to spontaneous abortion.

Benign Tumors

Limited in growth, encapsulated, easily removable and not deadly.

Malignant Tumors

Grow uncontrollably, finger of crab-like projections into surrounding tissue, difficult to remove, usually deadly.

Cancer

Any malignant tumor.

Metastasize

Move or spread.

Specific Problems of nutriotional disorders include

Malnutrition, obesity, excessive and deficient vitamins and/or minerals.

Cachexia

Any individual who has an ill, thin, wasted apperance.

Nasogastric tubes

Nose to stomach

Gastrostomy tube

Abdominal and stomach wall (tube feeding)

Bariatric Treatment includes

Diet, excersise, anti-obesity medication, and behavior modification. Or weight loss sugery gastric bading and gastric bypass are the most common.

Hypervitaminosis

Occurs due to large comsumption of large amounts of vitamins for an extended period of time.

Immune System

Body's first line of defense againts pathogens.

Immune System Response

Inflammatory Response, leukocytsem kill foreign invaders. Or Antigen-antibody response, body respons to antigens by producing antibodies.

Antigens.

Substances that cause the body some type of harm

Antibodies

Proteins that the body produces to react to the antigen and render it harmless.

Allergen

The enviormental subtsnace that causes a reaction.

Causes of immuno-deficiency

Disease, organ transplant,, medications, chemotherapy, or radiation. Ex. AIDS

Aging is affected by

Heredity, lifestyle, stress, diet and enviorment.

Typer of cellular adaptation

Atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, dysplasia, metaplasia,and neoplasia.

Gangrene

A common alteration occuring when aprpphyic (dead-loving tissue loving) bacterial become involved in the necrotic tissue.

Adenmoa

Usually benign tissue arising from glandular epithelial tissue.

Carcinoma

Malignant tumor of epithelial tissue

Fibroma

Benign, encapsulated tumor of connective tissue.

Glioma

Malignant tumor of neurological cells.

Lipoma

Benign, fatty tissue.

Melanoma

Malignant tumor of the skin.

Sarcoma

Malignant tumor arising from connective tissue such as muscle or bone.