ToP- feminism

What problem does Foucault identify with liberalism's emphasis on choice?

choices can be internally restricted

What can oppression do to choice according to Foucault?

shape it from within

What does Chambers focus on when analysing patriarchal power?

the body

How does patriarchy affect women's bodies in Chambers's account?

it encourages self-policing

What feature of Bentham's prison makes prisoners self-policing?

they cannot know when they are being watched

What does the prison's one-way blind arrangement produce?

self-surveillance

What does Chambers argue about traits celebrated as feminine?

they can reduce women's power

What two examples illustrate restrictive feminine ideals?

youth and beauty standards

How does Okin attempt to reconcile Rawls with feminism?

include the family in the basic structure

What additional information should be hidden under Okin's reformulation?

one's role within the family

Why does Nussbaum reject liberalism as sufficient for feminism?

individualism fails to understand power

What masculine-associated traits can liberalism privilege?

reason and rational choice

What ethical contrast does Gilligan draw in In a Different Voice?

rule-based morality versus care and relationality

What does Gilligan argue about women's supposedly lower moral development?

the metric was biased toward a male approach

What does 'personal is political' reject about personal choices?

that they are entirely personal

What influences choices within the private sphere?

the patriarchy

What misconception about 'the personal is political' does bell hooks identify?

personal experience automatically produces understanding of institutional sexism

Why might some women not identify with feminism despite experiencing sexism?

experience alone does not guarantee an understanding of institutional oppression

What does Simone de Beauvoir claim about becoming a woman?

one is not born but becomes a woman

What distinction does de Beauvoir draw that supports her claim that we become a woman?

sex and gender

What does de Beauvoir's position suggest about gender difference?

it is socially constructed

What does French difference feminism emphasise?

biological difference

What does French difference feminism claim about writing and philosophy?

they are phallocentric

What theoretical danger follows from emphasising biological difference?

biological essentialism

What is the central concern about a sameness-based feminist strategy?

it may make men the implicit standard

How could sameness unintentionally reinforce masculine norms?

women may be encouraged to perform gender more masculinely

Why can gender sameness overlook an important biological difference?

women bear children

What practical consequence of childbirth may justify recognising difference?

longer recovery leave

What does Firestone claim is necessary for biological equality?

technological advances

Which strands of radical feminism emphasise difference to celebrate feminine traits?

ecofeminism and cultural feminism

What danger accompanies celebrating feminine traits through difference?

biological essentialism

What benefit can difference feminism have against patriarchy?

it can resist the belittling of female traits

What is feminist separatism's proposed route to freedom?

women living separately from men

What environment does separatism seek to create for raising children?

a patriarchy-free environment

What does transfeminism challenge about traditional gender categories?

fixed gender binaries

What does gender policing involve in the transfeminist discussion?

forcing gender expression to conform to biology

Why can forcing trans people to conform to biology reinforce patriarchy?

it reinforces traditional gender stereotypes

What does MacKinnon argue gender difference really represents?

hierarchy

What role does MacKinnon give the concept of gender difference?

a tool of gender inequality

What does MacKinnon's master's-house metaphor imply about gender categories?

they cannot simply be dismantled using the framework that built them

What did women previously get labelled as under the dominant moral-development metric?

less morally developed

What does Gilligan's position imply about difference?

different does not mean less developed

What does Phillips argue about feminist transformation in politics?

politics has not transformed like other areas of life

What problem does Phillips identify with a sameness approach to childbirth?

it can produce apparently unfair leave differences

What problem can a difference approach create according to Phillips?

an idealised image of the nurturing woman

What does Chambers argue about patriarchy's ideological status?

it is an ideology despite being treated as natural

What does Chambers say is crucial to patriarchy's persistence?

gender being entrenched

What does Chambers say feminist resistance can expose?

gender as performed rather than natural

What effect do divisions between feminists have according to bell hooks?

they make solidarity harder

What does Nussbaum say liberal individualism fails to understand?

realities of power

What does Nussbaum say liberalism sidelines?

emotion

What does Okin say about liberalism despite its limitations?

it can be compatible with feminism

What does Okin identify as dangerous for women within marriage?

the institution's internal inequality

What kind of gender neutrality does Okin criticise?

false gender neutrality

What does Okin say Rawls neglects within the family?

internal justice

What further omission does Okin identify in Rawls's Original Position?

whether agents know their gender

What three problems does Chambers identify with liberal focus on choice?

individualism, mentalism and state-constraint focus

What does Chambers say a state-constraint focus misses about power?

its creative elements

What does Chambers's breast-implant comparison imply about free choice?

practices are shaped by culture