Human Development #3

What does the Organogenesis period mean?

a)  forming organs during the first two months of prenatal (before birth) development.

b) the organs start to function by itself

c) the organs are not developing

a) forming organs during the first two months of prenatal (before birth) development.

e.g., stomach, intestines, lungs, heart, brain, spinal cord, genitals).

Hint: Genesis means the formation or creation of something

What is Thalidomide

• A sedative for pregnant women, for morning sickness

True or false: It was created in July 1960, but a German company called Grunesatal

False, it was created by a company called Grünenthal

Who is praised as the hero for stopping this drug from continuing ?

• Frances Oldham Kelsey. In her first month for the FDA, she refused to authorize the drug

• Why: of the lack of evidence of the drugs safety

True or false: a medical specialist and expert wrote of the drug in a medical article and praised it.

False. It was actually written by the medical director of the company.

When was this drug created?

August 1960

What did this company do to the documents regarding the drug?

A) Falsification of the medical records

B) Omit information

C) asked experts to analyze the information

A) ) Falsification of the medical records

This drug was soon banned in 1962, but the effects were too late. What were the effects on children

• smaller hands 

• smaller mouth 

• mental cognitive abnormalities.

This drug is still used in ________ to treat ________.

1. Brazil

2. Leprosy

True or false: Although the drug was banned four decades ago, the children in Brazil are still being born with abnormalities because of thalidomide

True

What does SIDS mean?

Sudden infant death syndrome

What is SIDS?

• a condition that happens when infants stop breathing

• usually during the night

• and suddenly die without apparent cause.

True or false: smoker parents give their children a higher chance of getting SIDS

True

What does DNA stand for?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA is what…

a) a complex molecule

b) shaped like a double circle

c) contains genetic information

d) shaped like a double helix

e) A, C, D

The answer is e) A, C, D

True or False: chromosomes come in 25 pairs

False, chromosomes come in 23 pairs.

Chromosomes are a ____________ type of structures

Threadlike type of structures

Where does each pair of the genetic information come from?

A) nowhere

B) unknown

c) cannot be known until after birth

d) from your parents

D) from your parents

_______________ are units of hereditary information

Genes

True or false, genes are composed of DNA

True

Genes act as a blueprints for cells to __________________ themselves and _______________ the proteins that maintain _________.

• Reproduce

• Manufacture

• Life

The earliest period that gender can be predicted is the…

a) fetal period

b) embryonic

c) Germanic

a) fetal period

The genetic building blocks are… (hint: 3)

• DNA

• Genes

• Chromosomes

True or false: A Genotype is the way an individual's genotype is expressed in observed and measurable characteristics (eye color, height)

False, that is a phenotype. A Genotype consists of the actual genetic material, and their genetic information

Mitosis: is the process which each _____________ in the cell's nucleus ____________ itself.

• Chromosome

• Duplicates

What do the cells do in meiosis?

• They divide into gametes (reproductive cells)

• These cells are testes/sperm in males, ovaries/ eggs in females

These cells have _________ of the ________________ of the parent cell

• Half

• Genetic material

According to the Polygenic inheritance, ______ can ___________ to produce a particular characteristic

• Genes

• Interact

True or false: there are more than 50, 000 genes

True

The Apgar Scale and The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale are measures of what….

Neonatal (newborn) Health and Responsiveness

The Apgar Scale is method widely used to assess the ____________ of newborns.

• Health

At what minuets do they check?

• 1 minutes

• 5 minutes

The Apgar scale measures these 5 things:

• Heart rate

• Muscle tone

• Body color

What two are missing?

• Reflex irritability

• Respiratory effort

The Obstetrician or nurse assesses the newborn and gives a scale, (0,1,2 on each item). What is the score you want for you baby?

7-10

Between these two, which one is the worst scale ranking for your baby?

A) 5

B) 3

B) 3, as it signifies an emergency. 5 means you have to watch for developmental difficulties

Amniotic fluid _________ and _________ the fetus inside the ammonic sac during pregnancy

• surrounds

• protects

What is the amniotic fluid produced by?

The mothers placenta

Name the four things ammonic fluid does

• Cushioning the fetus

• regulating temperature

• preventing infections

• allow the fetus to move and develop properly

What is contained in the ammonitic fluid?

a) the baby's urine

b) nutrients

c) hormones

d) antibodies

e) none of the above

f) all of the above

f) everything except e

• A sperm fertilizes eggs (removed from a woman’s ovary) in a test tube or outside the body

• These embryos are grown for several days in a laboratory, then are put into the uterus to implant

  What is this process called?
  

InVitro (in glass, medical procedures) Fertilization

When does the postpartum period happen?

After Childbirth or delivery

What does the women’s body do during postpartum, and how long does it last?

•  It adjusts physically, psychologically to the process of childbearing

• Last around 6 weeks

The adjustment and adaptation include these 5 things, which two are missing from the following lists:

• Caring for baby

•  Father learning to care for baby

• Father caring for mother

•  Recovering from childbirth

• Learning to be good as a mother

Name the four Emotional and Psychological Adjustments

• Hormonal change

•  Fatigue

•  Inexperience/lack of confidence with the baby

• The extensive time and demands of caregiving

• Hint: (H.I.F.T)

What is more severe between these two?

• Baby Blues 

• Postpartum depression 

• Postpartum depression 

What’s the difference between postpartum depression and psychosis

Postpartum depression

• common condition

• feelings of sadness, anxiety, and mood swings.

Postpartum psychosis

• a rare

• severe condition

• have hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking.

Why is baby blues the least severe?

• Non-severe hormonal changes

• Feelings of anxiety, crying and restlessness

• Temporary form of depression

• Usually goes away within the first two weeks after birth.

• True or false: Cephalocaudal pattern is when the growth starts at the center of the body and moves outwards

FALSE: that’s the Proximodistal pattern. The Cephalocaudal pattern growth starts from the top (head), gradually to the bottom.

Fine motor skills includes what…

a) small movements in the hands

b) big movements in hands

c) big movements in the hands

a) small movements in the hands (fingers and wrists too)

walking, jumping, running are example of fine or gross motor skills?

Gross motor skills

True or False: gross motor skills involve moving the whole body

True

Drawing, writing and buttoning are examples ____________________

fine motor skills

How do you know if a gene is dominant?

• the dominant gene express its self more strongly, overriding the potential influence of the other, recessive gene.

• For instance, one parent has blue eyes the other has green eyes. Their child comes out with blue eyes (the blue eye) is dominant, the green is recessive

auditory, speech and grammar is controlled by what brain hemisphere?

The left side

True or false: the right side of the brain is the logical and rational side, (speech, comprehension, arithmetic, and writing).

• False, those examples are for the left side.

• The right side is the creative hemisphere, (controls spatial ability, artistic, and musical skills)

With newborns, they show greater electricity in the _______________ hemisphere. Why?

• Left

• They are listening to their parents talk (speech) and that activates the left hemisphere

________________ the term chosen to describe the narrow path, or developmental course, that certain characteristics take.

Canalization

______________________________ help protect or buffer a person from environmental extremes.

Preservative forces

How many neurons do newborns baby have?

a) 100 million

b) 1 billion

c) 100 billon

d) 10 million

c) 100 billon

Tiny gaps between neurons where connections between axons and dendrites take places is what…?

Synapses

Starting shortly after birth, a baby’s brain produces __________________ more connections b/w neurons than it can possibly use 

trillions

What is an axon?

An axon is a thin fiber that connects neurons (nerve cells) to that they can communicate

Describe myelination

Encasing axons with fat cells.

Myelination…

a) insulates the nerve cells

b) helps nerve impulses travel faster

c) both

d) none of the above

c) both

Myelination for ___________________ occurs rapidly after birth and is ompleted in the first 6 months 

• visual pathways

• the first 6 months 

This branch of psychology emphasizes the importance
of adaptation, reproduction, and “survival of the fittest”
in explaining behaviour

Evolutionary Psychology

What does Evolutionary Psychology focus on

it focuses on the conditions that allow individuals to survive or to fail

True or False: It believes natural selection favours behaviours that increase organisms’ reproductive success and their ability to pass their genes on the next generation.

True

Amniocentesis is a procedure performed when?

• Prenatally

• After birth

• During birth
  

• Prenatally, specifically between the 12th and 16 week (during the fetal period)

What is Amniocentesis?

a sample of amniotic fluid is taken by syringe and tested

The purpose of Amniocentesis is to discover if the baby is suffering from what…

• any chromosomal

• or metabolic disorder

Infertility is the inability to conceive a child after ________ months of regular intercourse

a) 8 months

b) 6 months

c) 10 months

d) 12 months

d) 12 months

How many other infertile interventions are there besides in vitro fertilization?

a) 5

b) 6

c) 4

d) 3

c) 4. There are four other infertile interventions

True or False: Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) – eggs are fertilized in the laboratory then any resulting
zygotes are transferred to a fallopian tube. (Success rate approximately 25%)

• No. That is the zygote intrafallopian transfer.

• The GIFT is when a doctor inserts eggs and sperm directly into a woman’s fallopian tube. (Success rate almost 30%.

• Hint: Gametes are reproductive cells. Intra means inside. The fallopian tube is where fertilization happens.

Intrauterine insemination (IUI) – frozen _____________ is placed directly into the ___________. (Success rate
10%)

• frozen

• uterus.

• Hint: Intra means inside.

• Hint: Insemination = putting male sperm into woman or female animal through sexual activity or other methods)

What is the success rate for Intrauterine insemination?

a) 25%

b) 10%

c) 5%

d) 10%

d) 10%

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) – a single ______________ is injected by ____________ into an egg and the ___________ is returned to the uterus. (Success rate approximately 25%)

• sperm

• pipette (a slender tube)

• zygote

Teratology is the field that investigates what?

a) birth defects

b) respiratory complications with the baby

c) any/all complications with the baby

a) birth defects

______________ any agent that causes a birth defecft

Teratogen

True or false: numerous teratogens exist, thus almost every fetus is exposed to at least some

True

Do all teratogens cause a birth defect?

a) Specific teratogens do not usually cause a specific birth
defect

b) yes all do

c) no

d) it’s unknown

a) Specific teratogens do not usually cause a specific birth
defect

How long will it take for the effects of tetragon to show up, and how much % will appear at birth?

• may take a long time for the effects of a teratogen to show up.

• Only about 50% of all potential effects appear at birth.
  

A Neuron is a ____________ cell that handles _________ processing at the cellular level

• nerve

• information

Charles Nelson used _______ electrodes attached to
babies’ scalps

a) 126

b) 127

c) 128

d) 129

c) 128

What did Nelson find?

a) the newborns brain waves are active when hearing their mothers voice

b) the newborns brain waves are active when hearing their fathers voice

c) the newborns brain waves are active when hearing someone’s voice

a) the newborns brain waves are active when hearing their mothers voice

• they can distinguish their mother’s voices from another woman’s, even while they’re asleep.

What is another thing that Charles Nelson found in babies that are 8 months old?

Babies can distinguish a picture of a wooden toy they were allowed to feel, but not see, from pictures of other
toys.

How many kids on average a week die from SIDS?

a) 3

b) 4

c) 5

a) 3

To prevent SIDS… you

a) put the baby on its stomach when they’re sleeping

b) put the baby on its back when they’re sleeping

c) put the baby on its stomach when they’re sleeping

b) put the baby on its back when they’re sleeping

What is the Sucking Reflex, and when does it disappear?

• when newborns automatically suck an object placed in their mouth.
  • Helps newborns get nourishment before they have associated a nipple with food.
  • Disappears after 3–4 months.

The Rooting reflexes is…

a) when the infant’s cheek is stroked or the side of the mouth is touched.

b) when the infant’s head is stroked or the side of the head is touched

c) when the infant’s arm is stroked or the side of the arm is touched

a) when the infant’s cheek is stroked or the side of the mouth is touched.

• In response, the infant turns its head towards the
  side that was touched, to find
  something to suck.
  

How long does this take to disappear?

• 3-4 months

The Moro reflex is a neonatal __________ response that occurs in response to a _________, ________ noise or movement

• startle

• intense

• sudden

True or False, the grasping reflex is when something touches the infant’s palms and the infant responds by grasping tightly.

True, the grasping reflex is when something touches the infant’s palms and the infant responds by grasping tightly.

The Fagan est measures the infants process certain information… what are they? (hint: there is 4)

• Encoding the attributes of objects (color, size, shape, etc) to understand the object.

• Knowing similarities and differences between objects 

• Creating mental representations

• Retrieving those representations. 

The Fagan test is for what age?

12 months of age

What do you do with the Fagan test?

a) pair two objects together

b) pair two pictures together

c) pairt two words together

b) pair two pictures together

What percent is Genetic influence on genetics and on environ?

a) 70/30

b) 70/40

c) 40/70

d) 30/70

a) 70/30

Reaction range is the range of possible _____________ for each ______________, suggesting the importance of an environment's restrictiveness or richness.

• phenotype

• genottype