Lexicology Final

based on presentations fullver

what is lexicology?

study of vocab in a language

branches of lexicology?

semantics, phonology, lexicography, psycholingustics, sociolinguistics, syntax, historical linguistics, morphology

two types of lexicology

general (common features of all langs) and special (specific language)

lexicon synonyms

lexis, word stock, vocabulary

word amounts in personal lexicon

active (5k words), passive (25-60k)

what is a lexeme?

the basic thing that the others stem from (do = lexeme, doing/did/does = word)

how do we know which thingy is the lexeme?

it’s the bare infinitive (bear infinity 👿)

what is a sememe

the meaning of a lexeme (lexeme “move” means to move, to roll, jump, turn etc.)

what is the morphological process?

ask (lexeme) → ask + ing → asking (word! how cool!)

loaded lexeme (no, it doesn’t have a billion dollars)

a lexeme highly charged with connotations (capitalism, politician, facism…)

what is a word?

an unit of the language system (langue) and an unit of speech (parole), meaning is subject to context

are words auditory or visual?

visual (can’t hear the diff betw see and sea, but you can SEA it 🌊)

segmentation/pausing

leaving gaps between words so it’s not gobbledygook

simple vs complex word

simple has 1 morpheme, complex has more

grammatical meaning of a word

unites words into big groups (e. g. “girls” and “tables” have a common element, plurality)

lexical meaning

conceptual (what it is), associative (connotations), stylistic (register), expressive (emotion), collocative (idioms)

what is vocab?

a set of interconnected phenomena that influene each other

centre vs periphery vocab

centre = words we use all the time, periphery = the opposite (tech terms, slang, dialects, nonce words)

extralinguistic reality

everything outside of lang itself (chléb vs bread), basically our lang has words for things we have, not for the things we don’t have, e. g. there’s no tapas in czechia so we use… tapas :D

what are content words?

full words: nouns, adj, adverbs, main verbs

what are function words:

empty words: auxillary verbs, modal verbs, pronouns, prepositons, determiners, conjunctions

lexical density calc

(L / N) x 100 where L is number of full words and N is number of words in total. You get a % of how lexically dense the text is.

what are core words?

days of the week, months, seasons, numbers, colors, fam members, body parts, common professions etc.

syntagmatic relation

the relationship with the words next to the word (collocational stuff)

paradigmatic relation

relation w/ words vertically like a dropdown menu (what word can we put ther instead?)

which paradigmatic relations do we have?

synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, hypo/hypernyms

which syntagmatic relations do we have?

collocations, idioms, phrases

synonyms are based on…

formality, slang, emotion, borrowing (time x epoch), dialects

spelling variants

color vs colour (NOT synonymy)

where do we get synonyms?

borrowing (from diff languages), inter-borrowing (same language, e. g. elevator x lift), word formation (popular x pop), semantic change

which words can be antonyms?

qualitative adj (good x bad), nouns, verbs, adverbs, prepositions

gradable antonyms

basically where you can scale them (good x bad → better x worse)

complementary antonyms

you’re either this or that, never both. (male x female, above x below)

relational antonyms

relationships yayyy! cute! (husband x wife, speak x listen, parent x child, buy x sell)

reverse antonyms

opposite direction (come x go, in x out)

MORE antonym types are u kidding me

root (nothing is the same, clean x dirty)
derivatioinal (some resemblance, like x dislike)
mixed (more than one thing, correct x incorrect x wrong)

what is polysemy?

one word = more meaings that are RELATED

what is monosemy

the word only has one meaning (tech terms like vowel)

what is homonymy?

homophones or homographs but their meanings are DIFFERENT (die x dye)

lexical ambiguity

need more context, wthelly do u mean “the student pointed at the foot and the teacher did too” WHICH FOOT? …exactly. you got it. that’s what it means. <3

false friends

fabrika vs fabric (two languages, similar words, waaaay different)
also, opposite of you 🌸

paronymy

similar sounding, way different, same language tho (cosmic x cosmetic)

meronymy (the part) and holonymy (the wHOLE thing)

like synecdoche but in linguistics (hand x finger, house x roof)
remember that “wHOLONYMY” is the whole thing

how can vocab grow?

new words, word formation, new meaning of old words, more meanings of one word, changing meaning

exmaple of changing meaning

gay meant cheerful, now it means ur homosexual

why do words change meaning?

objective reasons (extralinguistic reality changes) or subjective reasons (word seems boring, let’s make a more fashuuuunable one)

narrowing

word’s meaning gets more specific

widening

word’s meaning gets more general

deterioration

word’s meaning gets worse (witch meant wise woman, now means muhaha evil potion evil muhaha)

amelioration

word gets more yippie (nice meant ignorant, now it’s you.. you’re a nice person, love that smile!!)

branching

head = most improtant part of body
so it also started to be “head of household” etc.

figurative language

normal talk, not sticking to the literal meaing of the word (why the long face? …imagine if that was literal lmao)

metaphor

applying a word in a situation where it’s not literally applicable (time is a thief)

types of metaphors

dead metaphor (used everyday)
mixed (mixing two metaphors)
conceptual (explaining one concept by metaphoring another concept, if that makes sense…e. g. “love is war”)

metonymy

referring to sth by an item closely associated with it (crown = king, sword = war etc.)

synecdoche

lend me an ear (listen to me yap)

oxymoron

combining contradictions

understatement

“dani is an alright person” WYM ALRIGHT SHE’S THE COOLEST PERSON EVER

synthesia

one sense described in another (sweet touch)

folk etymology

i mishear “cucuracha” and i think “yeah cockroach sounds cool, let’s use that” (so… change in interpretation because people are silly and mishear stuff)

neologisms

newly coined words not yet accepted into everyday speech

nonce words

words created for one-time use (excaliburger lmao)

archaisms

words no longer used, unless its for artistic purposes

historisms

names for things no longer in use (prairie schooner)

obsolete words

completely out of use (lunting)

you’ve reached the halfway point, take a 10min break, you’re doing well.

also the previous card was 67 (sorry…)

ways of adding new words into vocab

making new words, borrowing and adding new meaing to old words

what is compounding?

two words smashed together: armchair, passer-by

which is the headword in compounds?

the rightmost (armCHAIR, blackBIRD)

coordinative compounds

equal status of the words (Czech-English dictionary)

subordinative compounds

modifier and head (bedROOM… which room? the room with the BED)

what is affixiation?

adding an affix to a word (watch → watched → rewatched)

dissociation vs consociation

eye → ocular (not the same language) vs found → founder (the same word + affix)

what is conversion?

changing the world class to make a word (a saw → to saw off)

what is clipping?

making it shorter (pornography → porn)

acronym vs initalism

acronyms are pronounced as words (NATO), initialisms as letters (HQ or TBU)

hypocorism

John → Johnnie, bag → baggie

Blending

telecast = television broadcast, modem = modulator demodulator

back-formation

from a complex word, we make a simple one (beggar → beg)

reduplicaton

walkie-talkie (similar-sounding words in a sequence)

coinage

inventing new words for new inventions (Aspirin, Cleenex)

borrowing

from another language (rendezvous, soigné)

how are collocations structured?

the node (main word) + the collocate (word that frequently occurs with the node) + span (their distance from each other)
example: set boundaries, city boundaries
set and city = collocates, boundaries = main word

what are idioms?

fixed combos of words (sell like hotcakes)

what are binomials?

sayings that have 2 related words (hugs and kisses, win or lose)

what are trinomials?

the same thing but three words (signed, sealed, delivered)

where are catch phrases from?

movies and popular shows and books

what are euphemisms?

words to say something in a nicer way (die → pass on)

what are dysphemisms?

the opposite… (die → kick the bucket)

what are ethnonyms?

names of members of a nation (Chinese, Czech…) and names of residents there (Londoner)

why would we have loanwords and not just native?

roman invasion, christianity, norman invasion, French conquest, colonization… but also need and prestige (rendezvous sounds cool as fuck)

what the helly is codeswitching?

switching between two languages in conversation (jsi bozi doufam ze to vis i love ur music taste and personality te amoooooooooo!!!!!! → czech to english to spanish)

what is lingua franca?

language used for comms between people who don’t share a native language (so… english :D)

CONGRATS U DID IIIIITTTT

knowt ma dobrou learn funkci, je free, zkus ji a otestuj jestli to umis <3 thanks for trusting me to do ur flashcardsss