Contemporary Issues in Sports Midterm 1

Theory Toolbox

Rhetoric course, for a Penn State University course, to be a book to find understanding of rhetorical thought

Three areas to consider with theory

Understanding, Authority, and Readership

Understanding

Reality to explain theory for confirmation on reality

Authority

Taking others experiences to avoid painful/growing experiences

Readership

Trying to figure out what the author is saying

Theory

Larger questions about the origins of knowledges, who told them, and how such… were formed and might be changed

Theory Rule

Everything is suspect

Authorship (Verb)

Act of writing and capturing a moment of knowledge through a point of view

Authorship (Noun)

Recognized expert or reference point within a field

Canonicity

List of “great” works worthy of continued academic study

Michael Foucault

Author of What is an author?

Meta-Genius Bud Light Commerical

“You talk about sports 8 hours a day, 7 hours and 45 minutes longer than anyone else.”

Readership

Issue of meaning making rooted in arbitrary nature of language

Ceci n’est pas une pipe

This is not a pipe… it is a picture of a pipe

What happened to Jaelene Hinkle

- Raised in a Christian home

- In Denver, Colorado

- Committed life to Jesus at 12

- She was more concerned about soccer and making friends than being with Christ

- She wanted to fit in

- Had a very good high school career

- Got a full ride to Texas Tech

- On paper she seemed very good but she felt miserable

- Coach told her she had the talent to go pro

- Jaelene had sharp pains in her left leg, revealing a blood clot (exploratory surgery (80% closed))

- Prayed for a successful surgery with family

- Had the surgery and a miracle happened... she was able to play soccer again

- Committed all in on faith after and later on graduated

- Called up for the nationals

- Was offered to play in two international friendlies games

- She denied to play after she found out the team jersey would be to honor the LGBTQ community

- Her peace trumped her disappointment

- Plays for the NC Courage to this day

- Has made 8 career appearances for the national team

- "This world may change, but Christ and His Word NEVER will"

- Appeared on the 700 club to explain what she faced when questioning whether to play or not

- Was later put on the USWNT by her coach, who was gay

Where do are opinions come from

Everywhere

Beowulf

Oral poem, passed down through several generations. Doesn’t have an author even though it is canonized

Homer

The ancient greek author of the Iliad and the Odyssey

Arbitrary

The relation between a signifier, its reference, and it signified

Semiotics

The study of sign systems

Metaphor

A figure of speech wherein something sensible is translated into categories of intelligible by use of an implicit comparison

Metonymy

Substitution of one word for another (Kleenex instead of Tissue)

Social Science

The branch of study that deal with humans in their social relations

Social Sciences prepare us for

Informed citizen

The workplace

STEM

Reach the top of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Economics

The study of scarcity

Scarcity

There ain’t enough to go around

Economics in sports

Scarce resource of talent, one teams benefit doesn’t help without the other

Antropology

The study of what makes us humans

4 subsets of Anthropology

Archeology, Biology, Culture, Linguistic

Political Science

A social science concerned chiefly with the description and analysis of political and especially governmental institutions and processes

Psychology

The study of the behavior of the individuals and their mental processes

Sociology

The study of society, including social relationships, interaction, and culture

Sociology and Sport issues

Access

Development

Distribution of Attention

Interplay of Construction

Disciplines

Specific constructions and orderings of knowledge that temporally and culturally grounded take on the world

Disciplinary Research Paradigm

Investigator(s) from one discipline working on a problem, which is likely framed differently than another disciplinary investigator(s) problem

Multidisciplinary Research

Investigators from different disciplines working independently on a common problem

Interdisciplinary Research

Several investigators working together on the same problem

Management

Meeting goals or objectives to be achieved

Within limited resources

With and through people

Goal of sport marketers?

To get workers to do what the manager wants in an efficient and cost-effective manner

Management theory evolved through two phases

Scientific Management and Human Relations Movement

Today we use Organizational Behavior

Organizational Behavior

The study and application of the human side of management and organizations (The soccer players might have a different goal than the department team)

Taylorism

Workers should do jobs the most efficient way and managers can help achieve this through economic rewards or incentives

Hawthorne Studies

Social factors in the workplace were important (Worth improved efficiency)

May Parker Follet

Effective, motivational management existed in partnership and cooperation

Functional Areas

Sport managers must perform in a number of functional areas and execute various activities in fulfilling the demands of their jobs

Functional Areas include

Planning, Organizing, Leading, and Evaluating

Planning

Defining organizational goals and determining the appropriate means by which to achieve these desired goals

Organizing

Putting plans into actions

Leading

“Action” part of the management process (Assigning task to employees and overseeing operations)

Evaluating

Measuring and ensuring progress toward organization objectives

Four stages to a product life cycle are

Introductory, Growth, Maturity, and Decline

Noll’s Five Sport League Considerations

Format, Hierarchy, Multiplicity, Membership, Governance

Format example

NFL playing divisional games verse opponents 2 times each

Hierarchy example

MLB has a minor league

Multiplicity

Grouping the league into two or more divisions

Membership

How many teams can enter the league

Governance example

NFL has owners

Income Statement

Summary of profit and loss during a certain period

Cash Flow Statement

Sources and uses of cash over a period of time and supplements the information provided in income statement

Balance Sheet

A snapshot of the financial condition of an organization at a point in time

Asset

Anything an organization owns that can be used to generate future revenues

Owners’ Equity

The amount of their money owners has invested in the firm

Debt

Amount of money an organization borrows

Pro Sports Revenues (2008)

NY Yankees 275 million

Washington Commanders 345 million

NY Knicks 208 million

Toronto Maple Leaf’s 160 million

International were valued way above

Pro Sports Valuations (2019)

Dallas Cowboys 5 billion

New York Yankees 4.6 billion

Real Madrid 4.24 billion

FC Barcelona 4.02 billion

New York Knicks 4 billion

Manchester United 3.81 billion

New England Patriots 3.8 billion

Profit v Revenue

NFL made 1 billion in profit and 9 billion in revenue

MLB made 1/2 billion in profit and 7.2 billion in revenue

NFL made 160 million in profit and 3 billion in revenue

NBA made 183 million in profit and 4.1 billion in revenue

College Sports Revenue

1. Alabama 123.8 million

2. Texas 120.3 million

3. Ohio State 115.7 million

4. Florida 106.6 million

5. Tennessee 101.8 million

Monopoly

Anti-competitive market

Monopoly example

NFL sued by AFL was forced a emrger

Return on Equity (ROE)

Earns * Turns

Earns

Returns on sales, profit margin, and net income margin

Turns

Total asset turnover and asset turnover

EBIT

Earnings before interest and taxes

Competitive Balance

Worst records get a better chance of getting higher draft pick

How Revenue is shared

- NFL - 60% revenue split to the local team and 40% shared

- MLB - 34% net revenue to the league and that is shared equally

- NBA - 50% of their annual revenue into a pool and then each team is given a certain amount based on the average team payroll

- NHL - 6.055% is shared

J

Team

K

League

T

Year

LI

Learners indexes

Sports Marketing

All activities designed to meet the needs and wants of sport consumers through exchange processes

Two Thrusts of Sports Marketing

The marketing of sport products and services directly to consumers of the sport

The marketing of other consumer and industrial product or services through promotions

Marketing Mix

Controllable variables that company puts together to satisfy a target group

5 P’s of Marketing

Product, Price, Place, Promotion, Personal Selling

Product Supplement

Something you use with the product

Demographics

Data collected based on state of being

Psychographics

Data collected based on state of mind

Sports Marketing Process

Identify a problem

Conduct background research

Collect data

Analyze data

Present the results