MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Describe Cardiac Muscle

uninucleated, striated, and involuntary control

Describe Smooth Muscle

involuntary and uninucleated

Describe Skeletal Muscle

striated, multi nucleated, voluntary control

What is thin filament?

Actin

What is thick filament?

Myosin

What happens during muscle contraction

The muscle filaments slide past each other through the movement of a myosin heads dragging actin towards the center

What is the Z line?

Where the sarcomere attaches and separates other sarcomeres apart

Where is smooth muscle found?

GI tract, Vessel Walls, hollow organs

What is the skeletal muscle pump?

Veins in the arms and legs prevent the back flow of blood that when contracted forces blood in the direction of the heart and

What is the thoracic pump?

It helps blood move back toward the heart, during inspiration the drop in pressure aids in pumping blood back to the heart

How does shivering work?

Thermoreceptors detect a drop in temperature, and smooth muscle contraction prevents blood flow to minimize heat loss to the environment

What is shivering triggered by?

The Posterior Hypothalamus

What does the sagittal plane cut the body into?

Right and Left Side

What does the frontal plane cut the body into?

Front and back

What does the transverse plan cut the body into?

A top and bottom W

What are the myofibrils?

tiny muscle fibers that make the muscles contract

What is the sarcolema?

The plasma membrane of striated cells, the outer layer of a muscle

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum

It surrounds the myofibrils which stores and releases Ca ions for the muscle cell to contract

What is the triad structure consist of?

The sandwich of the T Tubules between the Terminal Cisternae

What are T Tubules?

Ion channels in which the action potential impulse is carried.

What are the three types of muscle fibers?

Slow Twitch, Fast Twitch Oxidative Glycolytic, and Fast Twitch Glycolytic

What is myogenic activity?

The ability for the muscle to contract without using impulses from the nervous system.

Which types of muscle exhibit myogenic activity?

Smooth and Cardiac muscle

Describe Cardiac Muscle Myogenic Activity?

As the impulse travels through the sarcolemma Ca ion channels are opened and they pour in, this triggers Ca ions to be released from the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum which causes the muscles to contract

Does sympathetic stimulation increase ro decrease heart rate?

Increase

Does the parasympathetic stimulation increase or decrease the heart rate?

Decrease

Where is Epinephrine released from and what does it do?

The adrenal medulla, increase the heart rate

Where is thyroxine released from and what does it do?

The thyroid gland and increases the heart rate

What is lactic acid?

A byproduct of anaerobic respiration that accumulates when oxygen levels become depleted

What is oxygen debt?

The oxygen that is required to replenish ATP levels and creatine phosphate.

What does creatine phosphate do?

Phosphorylate ADP to ATP during intense exercise quickly but for a short amount of time.

Which neurons release ACh?

Preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems and Postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic pathway

What is norepinephrine released by?

Postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic pathways

What inervates invloluntary muscles?

Motor neurons of the sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways

Which nervous system controls the voluntary muscle of the skeletal muscle?

somatic nervous system

What part of the brain is in charge of voluntary movements?

The motor cortex

Which nervous system is in charge of involunatry muscles?

autonomic

What part of the brain controls involuntary muscle movement?

Medulla oblongata (lower part of the brain stem)

Where does ACh bind?

Nicotinic receptors in the motor end plate of skeletal muscle

What is the origin?

Attachment to the bone that moves.

What is the insertion?

Attachment to the bone that moves.