APUSH Period 4

Loose Constructionism

Allows for more expansive governmental power by way of the elastic clause, with federalists being so

Strict Constructionism

attempts to limit governmental authority by interpreting the Constitution more narrowly, doing only what it explicitly states. Democratic republicans were strict

Barbary Wars

President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay tribute to protect American ships from the Barbary pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa sparked an undeclared naval war. This led to a reduced payment, but was a waste of time

Louisiana Purchase, and why it was controversial

1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.

Controversial because the constitution did not say a president can buy land, but Jefferson did it anyway

Explain the significance of Marbury v. Madison

Expanded the power of the Supreme Court (judicial branch) by setting a precedent for judicial review. Massive check on the legislative and executive branches

Causes of the War of 1812

American suspicion of the British inciting Native American attacks on settlers; British policy of impressment; large amounts of American nationalism (war hawks)

Effects of the War of 1812

Intense nationalism; Federalist opposition to war and calls for secession led to a decline in significance for the party and political dominance for the Democratic-Republicans

What is the American System?

Henry Clay's plan for uniting the national economy, and making it more self sufficient.

Describe the parts of the american system

3 parts: protective tariffs against foreign goods, renewal of the national bank, and government funded roads, railroads and canals.

Missouri Compromise

A new rule for future admission of slave and free states using the 36° 30' line in Louisiana Purchase territory. Missouri admitted as a slave state and Maine a free state in order to maintain a balance in the Senate.

Monroe Doctrine

Foreign policy declaration that warned European states against further encroachment into or influence in the Americas

Define the Market Revolution.

Linking of northern industries with western and southern farms which was created by advances in agriculture, industry, communication, and transportation. For example interchangeable parts, canals, railroads, telegram.

What new technologies contributed to economic growth?

Cotton gin, spinning machine, interchangeable parts, steamboats, trains

Market revolutions affects on society/immigration

Increased wealth inequality, influx of mostly german/irish immigration (especially to eastern cities), growing middle class, women working in factories (to a degree) but still limited by cult of domesticity

Cult of Domesticity

The idea where women remained in the private sphere, and should have their main responsibilities be in the home

Corrupt Bargain

The contentious election of 1824 ended without a clear electoral winner and was decided by the House, of which Henry Clay presided over. Andrew Jackson was snubbed, despite being the most popular candidate.

How did the Election of 1824 rearrange the political parties?

Democratic-Republicans split into Whigs and Democrats, led by Henry Clay and Andrew Jackson, respectively.

What prompted South Carolina to threaten secession?

Tariff of Abominations (1828) South Carolina claimed it was unconstitutional, so they nullified it and threatened secession. But Jackson threatened to send troops down via the Force Bill and a new tariff was negotiated by Clay

How were Native Americans treated by the federal and state governments during the Jacksonian Era?

They were removed to the new "Indian Territory" via the Indian Removal Act. This was done through the violation of past treaties and a Supreme Court ruling in favor of the Cherokee.

What was transcendentalism?

Philosophical movement that embraced man's relationship with nature and human perfectibility. Think Walden

What were utopian communities?

New societies founded by religious and/or reform-minded people who were influenced by European intellectuals and ideals of American democracy and equality.

What was the Second Great Awakening?

Democratizing revival of religious enthusiasm, affording regional Protestant identities

Differences between the first and second great awakenings

The first was about being personal and morally correct, while the second one was more about the societal correctness and the creation of reform movements

Women were far more involved in the 2nd, and were extremely involved in it

The 2nd led to the creation of far more protestant denominations

List and describe the social reform movements during this time period inspired by the 2nd Great Awakening

Temperance - against consumption of alcohol Abolitionism - end institution of slavery (The liberator)

Women's Rights - education equality, marriage rights, and suffrage

Prison reform

Public schooling- Horace Mann believed in public schooling to increase American prosperity

Why was the election of 1800 known as the revolution of 1800?

First peaceful transition of power between political parties, end of alien and sedition acts, change in federal government philosophies

Lewis and Clark Expedition

An expedition sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore the northwestern territories of the United States, and maybe find a northwest passage

Embargo Act of 1807

Act passed by congress in 1807 prohibiting American ships from leaving for any foreign port, and completely cut off trade with any foreign nation. This was a disaster for the US economy, but restarted manufacturing in new england

Treaty of Ghent

Treaty that ended the War of 1812 and maintained prewar conditions

Hartford Convention

Meeting of federalists opposed to war of 1812 due to lost revenue from trading, and New England threatened to seceed from the Union. This quickened the downfall of the federalist party

Era of Good Feelings

The popular name for the period of one-party, Democratic-Republican, rule during James Monroe's presidency. The term obscures bitter conflicts over internal improvements and slavery.

How did voting rights expand during this period?

Most states dropped property requirements for voting, and some dropped taxpaying as well. This led to universal white male sufferage

Spoils System

The practice of Andrew Jacksons administration, where he would give government jobs to his loyalists and friends. This made the government more partisan and gave those in those jobs an incentive to campaign for him

What happened to the Bank of the United States, and what was the response?

Andrew Jackson hated the Bank of the US, and destroyed it by cutting off government money from being sent to it. He replaced this by giving money to "pet banks" which were state banks that were less centralized.

In response, Henry Clay ran for president championing it, and lost badly

Why were tariffs liked by the north?

Northerners were the ones manufacturing products, so it reduced competition with foreign powers

southerners did not like it because countries would issue tariffs in response, increasing the price of their crops

Panic of 1837

When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild land speculation and flipping, especially in the Louisiana Territory. In response, Jackson forced the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, people were unable to repay mortgages, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

What development led to an increase in slavery during this period?

A new technological advancement during this time was the cotton gin, which speed up the rate that cotton could be produced. This created more demand for cotton, which was met via enslaved labor

Mormonism

Religion founded by Joseph Smith in the 1820s when he claimed to have been led by an angel to golden plates which he translated and published. Smith was murdered and they were eventually brought to Utah

Republic of Texas

Mexico encouraged US immigration to Mexico, to populate its northern areas. Eventually texan settlers fought against Mexico and declared independence. Wanted to join the US, but they were not ready to bring them in