Anatomy Fall Final

osteoblasts

create new bone cells that form into osteocytes

osteoclasts

break down and absorb old/damaged cells

what helps with bone growth?

calcium and vitamin D

how long do bones grow and develop?

until early 20s

bone fracture

the bone is cracked or splintered due to physical activity

simple fracture

least severe crack in bone, can vary from small to large with bleeding

greenstick fracture 

seen in children where one side is frayed and the other is twisted but not fractured 

comminuted/compound fracture

large fractures where one or more bones are displaced or shattered

open fracture

when the skin is open what a broken bone, very prone to infection

types of bone fractures

simple, greenstick, comminuted/coumpund, open

how can breaks occur?

horizontally (transverse), at an angle (oblique), and twisting (spiral)

angulations

change shape of bone

bone healing stages

fracture, granulation, callus, lamellar bone, normal contour 

fracture (stage one)

break occurs and bleeding; starts to form a blood clot (hours-days after)

fibroblasts, white blood cells, and new blood cells enter the area

granulation (stage two)

white blood cells break down tissue and clotted blood- making it look granular 

callus (stage three)

mold of fibrous tissue and cartilage for osteoblasts to make new bone on

lamellar bone (stage four)

less organized bone created, eventually remodeled 

normal contour (stage five) 

bone returns to original structure 

factors that affect bone repair

size and nutrition

how does size affect repair?

small fractures repair completely white larger fractures and bone damage are rarely totally normal 

(the organization and density of the bone tissue is slightly altered and can be seen on x-ray)

how does nutrition affect bone repair?

you need higher intake of calcium and protein; bone repair also increases ones metabolism so you need to increase food intake 

other bone injuries

most bone and joint injuries are related to excessive stress and strain 

intensive athletics, heavy lifting, continuous repetitive motions 

dislocation 

joint separation 

sprain

tear in ligament

shin splints

abnormal starching of ligaments and tendons

stress fracture 

very small breaks in bone

signs and symptoms of bone injury

pain, swelling, distortion, bruising, loss of circulation, sensation, and movement (CSM)

bone injury treatment

RICE or doctor in extreme cases

what is RICE

Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation

when would you need to see and doctor?

extreme and continual pain, dislocation, severing ligaments, blood vessel or nerve damage, infections 

MCL Tear

Medial Collateral Ligament: prevents side to side movement 

ACL Tear 

Anterior Cruciate Ligament: prevents excessive sliding of knee from from to back ( prevents tibia from sliding in front of femur) 

knee ligament tears

can stretch and make knee fell loose or ligament can tear

why do ACL and MCL tears occur? 

change direction rapidly, stopping suddenly, or landing and jump incorrectly 

ACL and MCL Tear symptoms 

heading a ‘pop’, pain and swelling, loss of range of motion, tenderness, discomfort walking

ACL and MCL Tear Treatment

varies based on needs

non surgical- bracing and physical therapy 

surgical- rebuilds the ligament 

arthritis

swelling of the joints

osteoarthritis

deterioration of cartilage covering the ends of the bones, caused pain and restriction of motion

rheumatoid arthristis 

the immune system attacks the connective tissue of joints 

ankylosing spondylitis

vertebrae fuse after long term pain; limits movement and causes pain

juvenile arthritis

joint inflammation in children; possibly due to rheumatoid arthritic but still be researched 

gout

metabolic disorder that produces and excess of oxalic or uric acid crystals which can get lodged in joints and cause inflammation 

lupus 

causes swelling of the connective tissue throughout the body including joints due to immune system attacking bodys proteins 

osteoporosis

degenerative bone disorder that affects females more often, causes loss of bone density ad bone becomes more spongy 

causes of osteoporosis

malnutrition, low estrogen, lack of calcium/vitamin D, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, lack of exercise 

tooth decay

bacteria feed of food left on teeth and produce and acid that removed calcium from teeth that leads to cavity

myeloma 

cancer that occurs in white blood cells that over populate blood stream and overtake bone tissue 

osteomyelitis

inflammation of bone caused by bacterial infection in the blood 

osteonecrosis

death of osteocytes due to lack of blood flow (occurs in deep sea scuba and fighter pilots) 

osteomalacia(rickets)

occurs in children; bones are soft and weak leading to slow growth and deformities 

hypopituitarism dawrfism

pituitary gland does not produce enough growth hormone; causes short limbs and spinal cord

achondroplasia

short limbed dwarfism; the cartridge in long bones ossifies into bone

acromegaly

pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone; bones increase in size (hands, nose, and jaw) 

gigantism

a tumor on the pituitary gland that causes it to produce too much growth hormone

diseases of vertebrae

scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis

scoliosis

spine is rotated and curved sideways

kyphosis

excessive outward curve in upper back

lordosis

lower back arches inward 

osteosarcoma

most common bone cancer, primarily affecting long bones in knees and hips

affects teens/young adults

grows very fast

tumors on bone

two jobs of joints

attach bones for support and structure

allow for movement

two ways to categorize joints

structural and functional

structural category

joints classified based on tissue composition and structural complexity

functional category 

focuses on the types of movement: how bones fit together, tightness, tension, and position of ligaments muscles and tendons 

bursa 

certain moveable joints have a bursa which is a sac of fibrous tissue that has synovial fluid 

synovial fluid

lubricates, nourishes, and protects the joint

bursitis

when bursa becomes inflamed when damaged

functional classifications of joints

synthesis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

synarthrosis

no movement, certain fibrous joints (head)

amphiarthrosis

slight movement, cartilage and fibrous joints (vertebrae)

diathrosis

variety of movement, synovial joint (pubis)

structural classification of joints

cartilaginous, fibrous, synovial

cartilaginous

connects bone ends with a pad of cartilage (pubic bone)

fibrous

fibrous connective tissue attaches the articulating bones together (radius and ulna)

synovial joint

articulating bones covered by synovial capsule (fluid filled sacs) similar to bursa (knee and elbow)

subcategories of synovial joints

ball and socket, condyloid, gliding, hinge, pivot, saddle

ball and socket

wide array of movement, multi axial (circumduction) - hip and shoulder

condyloid

aka ellipsoid; ball like articulation rests on the curve of another forming circular or oval patterns (biaxial) - wrist

gliding

side to side movement - vertebrae

hinge

angular movement on 1 plane (uniaxial) - elbow (humerus and ulna), knee

pivot

rotation; uniaxial and similar to hands of clock - part of elbow (radius and ulna)

saddle

rocks back and forth; biaxial - thumb

stability of joints

muscle tone, articular surface, amount of ligaments

muscle tone

most important factor; more tone leads to stronger tendons and stronger attachment point

articular surface

the deeper the joint, the more stable

amount of ligaments 

more ligaments = more stable 

what is a bone?

a dynamic organ that responds to the body’s health and stresses placed on it

what affects bone growth and shape?

health and stress on the body

what are bones made of?

collagen protein (gives flexibility) and calcium phosphate

what does vitamin D do for the bones?

allows for nutrients to be absorbed into bone

ossification

hardening of the bone, when vitamin D is needed from integumentary system 

periosteum 

sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers the surface of the bone, has blood vessels and nerves to provide bone with nutrients and sensation.

diaphysis

main part of a long bone that grows apart to lengthen bone.

epiphysis 

ends on long bone

epiphysis line

thin strip where epiphysis joins diaphysis

epiphyseal growth plate

actively growing part of the bone

compact bone tissue

(diaphysis) 20% of bones but only 8% of weight, rigid support shell where osteons form. has concentric circles around Haversian canal, contains osteocytes. 

osteoblasts 

Build new bone tissue 

osteoclasts

consume old bone tissue

where are osteocytes found?

in lamelle

spongy bone tissue

aka trabecular or cancellous, many open spaces called trabeculle. 80% of bone and less dense, where osteocytes and blood vessels are distributed, contains medullary cavity