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Acceleration
An increase in speed (usually written as m/s²)
acceleration = change in velocity/time taken
A=Δv/Δt
Acceleration equation
Mass
How much matter an object has. Constant throughout the universe and measured in kg
Weight
The (downward) force of gravity that acts on an object because of its mass. Dependant on gravitational field strength and measured in Newtons (N)
Mass x 9.8N = Weight on Earth
How to find the weight of objects on earth
W= MG
The equation for weight
1.6N/kg
Approximate gravitational field strength of the moon
Acceleration of free fall
The acceleration of any object falling freely under gravity (usually to a massive object)
Force= mass x acceleration
The force equation
Centre of mass
The single point at which the weight of an object (the force due to gravity) is considered to act
Tensile forces
Forces that stretch a material
Compressive forces
Forces that compress a material
Bending forces
Forces that bend a material
Torsional forces
Forces that twist a material
Pressure = force/area
P= F/A
pressure equation
Friction
The force between two surfaces (may impede motion and/or produce heat)
Pressure
The force acting per unit area at right angles to a surface measured in Pa (1Pa = 1N/m²)
Air resistance
Friction acting on an object moving through air (also called drag when moving through another substance)
Resultant force
A single force that has the same effect on a body as two or more forces
Force equation
F=ma
Balanced forces
When two (or more) forces are equal and an object’s speed does not change. (Can be stationary or constant movement)
Joule
The SI unit for energy
Kinetic energy
The energy store of a moving object (movement)
Gravitational potential energy
The energy store of an object raised up against the force of gravity (high up energy)
Chemical energy
stored in bonds between atoms and released when chemical reactions take place
Elastic (strain) energy
Energy stored in the changed shape of an object (stretched or disformed)
Nuclear energy
Energy stored in the nucleus of an energy (fission/fusion)
Electrostatic energy
Energy stored when electrical charges are separated or squashed/forced together
Thermal (internal) energy
Energy of an object: the total kinetic AND potential energies of its participles (heat)
Doing work
Transferring energy by means of a force
Principle of conservation of energy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only stored or transferred
Efficiency
The fraction/percentage of energy supplied that is usefully distributed/transferred to complete the wanted action
Efficiency equation
Efficiency= useful energy output/total energy input
Gravitational potential energy equation
ΔE^p=mgΔh
Kinetic energy equation
E^k= ½ mv²
Non renewable
An energy source that is gone forever once it has been used
Renewable
An energy resource that will be replenished naturally when used
Nuclear fission
The process in which a large nucleus from radioactive material is split into two smaller nuclei and energy is released
Nuclear fusion
The process in which two small light nuclei join together to form a new heavier nucleus and produce energy
Work done
The amount of energy transferred when one thing exerts a force onto another; the energy transferred by a force when it moves from one store to another.
W = fd = ΔE
The mechanical work done (by a force) equation
Joules (J)
SI unit of energy transferred/work done
Work done
Force x distance moved in the direction of the force
P=W/t
Power equation
p= ΔE/t
Power equation
Watt (W)
The SI unit for power
Alimentary canal
The long tube running from mouth to anus that is part of the digestive system
Ingestion
The taking of food and drink into the body. In humans, using the lips, teeth and tongue
Absorption
Soaking up nutrients from the alimentary canal into the blood through the walls of the small intestine (semipermeable membrane)
Digestion
Breaking down large pieces/molecules of food into smaller pieces/molecules so they can be absorbed into the body
Assimilation
The intake of nutrients as it becomes part of the body and is used by individual cells for energy and/or to make new substances
Egestion
The process of the removal of unnecessary material from the body (in humans, usually as faeces)
Goblet cells
Cells found in the lining of respiratory passages and digestive system which secrete mucus
Lumen
The space in the centre of a tube (in a body, usually) through which substances can move
Duodenum
The first part of the small intestine into which the pancreatic and bile ducts empty fluids for chemical digestion
Ileum
The second part of the small intestine in which most absorption (of digestive nutrients and water) takes place
Amylase
The enzyme secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands that breaks down starch
Protease
The enzyme secreted by the pancreas and walls of the stomach that breaks down protein
Lipase
The enzyme secreted by the pancreas that breaks down fats and oils
Gallbladder
The small organ that stores bile that the liver makes until it needs to be released into the duodenum
Liver
The organ that produces bile and regulates the concentration of blood glucose
Pancreas
The organ that secrets pancreatic juice (which helps with chemical digestion) and secretes insulin and glucagon
Alimentary canal
Part of the digestive system: a long tube that runs from mouth to anus
Stomata
Openings in the surface of a leaf surrounded by pairs of guard cells which control whether they are open or closed. Used for carbon dioxide to diffuse into a plant
Xylem
A plant tissue made from dead and empty cells joined end to end that transports water and mineral ions throughout the plant. Also helps to support the structure of the plant
Phloem
A plant tissue made from living cells joined end to end that transports substances the plant makes for itself. For example, sucrose and amino acids
Arranged in a ring near the outside edge
Vascular bundle position in a stem
In the centre
Vascular bundle position in a root
Support and hold them out flat
Vascular bundle task in leaves
Transpiration
The loss of water vapour from leaves that lives water from roots to the rest of the plant
Spongy Mesophyll
The layer of cells immediately beneath the palisade mesophyll, where some photosynthesis happens; this tissue contains a lot of air spaces between the cells
Humidity
How much water vapour is present in the air
Wilting
When a plant loses more water than it can take up/in therefore cells lose their turgidity
Circulatory system
A system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to ensure a one way flow of blood
Oxygenated blood
Blood containing a lot of oxygen
Deoxygenated blood
Blood containing little oxygen
Double circulatory system
A system in which blood passes through the heart twice in one complete circuit of the body (not time lord)
Atria (sg, atrium)
The thin walled chambers at the top of the heart which receive blood
Ventricles
The thick walled chambers at the base of the heart which pump out blood
Septum
The structure that separates the left and right side of the heart
Valves
Structures that allow a liquid to only flow in one direction
coronary arteries
Vessels that deliver oxygenated blood to the heart muscle
left side of the heart
Pumps oxygenated blood to the body
Right side of the heart
Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
Coronary heart disease (CHD)
Disease caused by blockage of the coronary arteries
Pulse rate
The number of times an artery expands and recoils in one minute. Also a measure of heart rate
