Tissues and homeostasis

What are the four main types of tissues in the human body?

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous.

What are the primary function of skin epithelial tissue?

protection, permeability, sensation, secreations

Where is epithelial tissue found

covers body, cavities, glands, blood

What are the two main types of glands formed by epithelial tissue?

Exocrine and Endocrine glands.

What are the three germ layers in embryonic development?

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm.

What does the endoderm become?

glands, inside lungs, digestive system

What does the mesoderm become?

skeletal & Muscular systems, lungs, blood cells

What does the ectoderm become?

neurons, skin, pigment

What is the characteristic of epithelial tissue regarding blood supply?

Epithelial tissue is avascular, meaning it lacks blood vessels.

What is the significance of stem cells in tissue?

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into various cell types.

What are the 3 classifications of epithelial tissue based on cell layers?

Simple (one layer), Stratified (multiple layers), Pseudostratified

What are the 3 shapes categories of epithelial tissue cells?

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

apical vs basal

apical: upper part of tissue; basal: lower part of tissue

2 types of simple squamous epithelium

endothelium and mesothelium

Where is Simple squamous epithelium endothelium and its function

lungs, kidney tubules, lymphatic system, cardiovascular system

function: diffusion and filtration

Where is Simple squamous epithelium mesothelium and its function

body cavities and internal organs

function: provide smooth protective surface with its secretions

Where is stratified squamous epithelium and its function

Epidermis of the skin, Palms of hands and soles of feet Internal surfaces: Oral cavity, Esophagus, Vagina, Anal canal, Cornea of the eye

function: protects against physical and chemical wear and tear

Where is simple cuboidal epithelium and its function

Kidney tubules, Glands and their ducts, Ovary surface, Eye

function: secretion and absorption.

Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium and its function

Ducts of sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands

function: protection and durability

Where is simple columnar epithelium and its function

digestive tract, gallbladder, uterus, fallopian tubes, small bronchi, kidney tubules

function: absorption, secretion, mechanical movement

Where is stratified columnar epithelium and its function

male urethra, large ducts of salivary glands and pancreas, conjunctiva of the eye, pharynx

function: protection and secretion

Where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium and its function

Respiratory tract, male reproductive tract, large glandular ducts

function: Secretions , movement, absorption of fluids

What is the function of connective tissue?

Provides support, binds other tissues, and stores energy.

What are the components of connective tissue?

Extracellular matrix and scattered cells.

What are the types of connective tissue

proper, supportive, fluid

types of proper connective tissue

loose and dense

types of fluid connective tissue

blood and lymph

types of supportive connective tissue

cartilage and bone

matrix of cartilage is made of what

chondroitin sulfate

lacunae

small cavities in bone and cartilage that contain cells

What stores fat and energy and what is its subsection?

in Adipose tissue with adipocytes which is a Proper loose connective tissue

What are the three types of cartilage?

Hyaline, Fibrocartilage, and Elastic cartilage.

types of loose proper connective tissue

Reticular, Adipose, Areopolar

Types of dense proper connective tissue

regular (tendon and ligaments), irregular, elastic

What is the function of blood as a connective tissue?

Regulation, transport, and protection

Name components of blood

plasma, red blood cells (Erythrocyte), white blood cells (leukocyte), platelets

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth muscle.

examples of smooth muscle

Stomach and blood vessels, bladder

which muscles control voluntary vs autonomous movement

skeletal is voluntary and smooth and cardiac is autonomous

types of nervous tissue

neurons and neuroglia

What is the role of neurons in the nervous tissue?

Transmit nerve impulses.

What are the supporting cells in nervous tissue called?

Neuroglia. (they don't transmit impulses)

4 types of neuroglia

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, schwann cells

Oligodendrocytes function

produce myelin in CNS

Schwann cells function

produce myelin in PNS

Astrocytes function

maintain blood brain barrier

3 main parts of the neuron

cell body, dendrites, axon (tail)

What is homeostasis?

The maintenance of stable internal conditions in the body.

What are the two systems involved in maintaining homeostasis?

Nervous system and endocrine system.

2 types of homeostasis

intrinsic and extrinsic

What is negative feedback in the context of homeostasis?

A mechanism that counteracts a change to maintain stability.

What is positive feedback?

Feedback that increases the output of a process, makes change

What are examples of positive feedback in the body?

Childbirth, where oxytocin amplifies contractions.

injury, where platelets are amplified

example of negative feedback

body temperature, regulation glucose with insulin

5 parts in feedback system

Stimulus, Sensor, Control center, effector (tissues/organs), response

antagonist effectors

opposing effectors that move conditions in opposite directions that maintain homeostasis

tendon vs ligament

tendon: muscle to bone

ligament: bone to bone

basement membrane in skin

membrane that separates epithelial and connective tissue

epidermis vs dermis

Epidermis = avascular, upper layer of skin, epithelial; Dermis = vascular, lower layer of skin, connective tissue

what is the extracellular matrix made of (in connective tissue)

ground substance and fibers

collagenous fibers

Strong and flexible connective tissue fibers that contain the collagen

often in tendons, ligaments and bones

reticular fibers

Fibers made of collagen fibers in connective tissue that are very thin and branched, holds organs together

elastic fibers

stretchy fibers under skin made of elastin in connective tissue

Hyaluronic acid ground substance

a disaccharide (carbohydrate). Gooey texture.

Calcium phosphate ground substance

makes bones hard

Blood plasma ground substance

liquid part of blood

Fibroblasts cells

make extracellular matrix components, like fibers and ground substance.

Adipocytes cells

store energy as triglycerides (fat).

Mesenchyme cells

undifferentiated, embryonic connective tissue cells; in adults, mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate into fibroblasts, chondrocytes, osteoblasts

Macrophage cells

patrol body looking for bacteria .

Mast cells

inflammation and allergic response (contain histamine, heparin and proteases).

Chondrocytes cells

cartilage cells.

Osteoblasts cells

bone cells.