Placement prep 3 (2)

TIA/Transient Ischaemic Attack (TIA)

TIA/Transient Ischaemic Attack (TIA)

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• Definition: A _________ is often referred to as a "mini stroke." It shares similar symptoms with a stroke but differs in that TIA symptoms resolve completely. The duration of a TIA episode can range from minutes to hours but does not exceed 24 hours. If symptoms persist beyond 24 hours, it is categorized as a stroke.

• Cause: occur when there is a brief interruption in the blood supply to the brain.

• Significance: serve as a crucial warning sign that there may be an issue with the brain's blood supply. The risk of experiencing a full-blown stroke within the first month after a ___.

whats an ischemic stroke?

An ___ stroke is a type of stroke that occurs when there is a blockage or narrowing of the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain. This blockage prevents oxygen and nutrients from reaching the brain cells, leading to their damage or death ___ strokes are the most common type of stroke and can result in various neurological symptoms depending on the area of the brain affected.

whats a haemmorghic stroke?

A ____ stroke is a type of stroke that occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures and causes bleeding. This can be due to a weakened blood vessel or an aneurysm. The bleeding puts pressure on the brain and can damage brain cells.

Intracerebral

________ refers to something that occurs within the brain, specifically within the cerebral tissue. It can involve various conditions or events, such as bleeding, tumors, or infections, that take place inside the brain itself.

subarachnoid

A type of hemorrhage that occurs in the space between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater, known as the subarachnoid space. It is usually caused by the rupture of an artery, resulting in bleeding around the brain. Subarachnoid hemorrhage can lead to severe headaches, neck stiffness, and neurological deficits.

Frontal Lobe

• Location: Front of the brain.

• Function: Responsible for executive functions, decision-making, reasoning, motor skills, personality, and social behavior.

Parietal Lobe

• Location: Top and rear of the brain.

• Function: Processes sensory information, including touch, temperature, and pressure. It's also involved in spatial awareness and navigation.

Temporal Lobe

• Location: Sides of the brain, near the temples.

• Function: Primarily associated with auditory processing, memory, language comprehension, and aspects of visual processing.

Occipital Lobe

• Location: Back of the brain.

• Function: Responsible for visual processing and interpretation. It helps you make sense of what you see.

Limbic System (Includes Parts in Multiple Lobes)

• Location: Comprises structures in the frontal, temporal, and limbic lobes.

• Function: Regulates emotions, memory formation, and certain aspects of motivation. It's often referred to as the emotional center of the brain.

Insular Lobe (Insula)

• Location: Deep within the lateral sulcus, hidden from the surface.

• Function: Involved in various functions, including emotion, self-awareness, and the perception of pain and temperature.

Cerebellum (Not a Lobe but a Separate Brain Structure)

• Location: Located at the base of the brain, behind the brainstem.

• Function: Coordinates voluntary muscle movements, balance, posture, and motor learning.

Brainstem (Not a Lobe but a Vital Brain Region)

• Location: Connects the brain to the spinal cord and includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.

• Function: Vital for basic life functions such as breathing, heartbeat, and consciousness. Also, serves as a relay center for sensory and motor information.

.Attention

• Definition: is the cognitive process that allows us to focus on specific information while ignoring distractions.

• Location: involves multiple brain regions, with the frontal lobes, parietal lobes, and the reticular activating system in the brainstem playing crucial roles.

.Memory

• Definition: is the ability to encode, store, and retrieve information over time.

• Location: involves several brain structures, including the hippocampus (for forming new memories), the prefrontal cortex (for working memory), and various parts of the temporal and parietal lobes.

.Executive Functioning

• Definition: refers to a set of higher-order cognitive processes that enable planning, organization, decision-making, and goal-directed behavior.

• Location: are primarily associated with the frontal lobes, particularly the prefrontal cortex, which plays a central role in tasks requiring self-regulation and complex problem-solving.

what are all the stroke symptoms? List them

Sudden numbness or weakness in face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body. Trouble speaking or understanding speech. Difficulty seeing in one or both eyes. Severe headache with no known cause. Dizziness or loss of balance. Trouble walking. Confusion or sudden changes in mental state.

whats an ischeamic stroke

An ischemic stroke occurs when there is a blockage or clot in a blood vessel, leading to a lack of blood flow and oxygen to a part of the brain. This can result in damage to brain cells and various neurological symptoms.

stoke risk factors

Poor diet – high in salt, saturated fat and cholesterolThese factors are all modifiable and people should be given advice and support to help them achieve these changes.Lack of exerciseSmokingObesityExcess alcoholRecreational drug use

.Effects of Facial Weakness in Stroke

.Effects of Facial Weakness in Stroke

• Effects: Facial weakness in stroke can lead to drooping on one side of the face, difficulty in smiling or closing one eye, and difficulty in pronouncing words clearly.

. Management of Facial Weakness in Stroke

. Management of Facial Weakness in Stroke

• Management: Treatment may include physical therapy, exercises to improve facial muscle strength, and speech therapy to address communication difficulties.

.Effects of Leg Weakness in Stroke

.Effects of Leg Weakness in Stroke

• Effects: Leg weakness in stroke may result in difficulty walking, maintaining balance, and performing activities of daily living independently.

.Flashcard 5: Effects of Arm Weakness in Stroke

.Flashcard 5: Effects of Arm Weakness in Stroke

• Effects: Arm weakness in stroke can lead to difficulty with grasping objects, performing fine motor tasks, and self-care activities like dressing and feeding.

Management of Arm Weakness in Stroke

Management of Arm Weakness in Stroke

• Management: Stroke rehabilitation focuses on regaining arm strength, range of motion, and functional abilities. Occupational therapy helps stroke survivors regain independence in daily activities.

Flashcard 1: How a Person Might Describe Loss of Feeling (Stroke)

Flashcard 1: How a Person Might Describe Loss of Feeling (Stroke)

• Description: Individuals experiencing a loss of feeling after a stroke may describe it as a sensation of numbness, tingling, or as if their affected body part is "asleep." Some may use terms like "lack of sensation" or "no feeling at all."

Effects of Loss of Feeling (Stroke)

Effects of Loss of Feeling (Stroke)

• Effects: Loss of feeling, also known as sensory impairment, can impact a person's ability to detect touch, pain, temperature, or pressure in the affected area. It may lead to difficulties in sensing objects, recognizing discomfort or injury, and performing delicate tasks.

Flashcard 3: Consequences of Loss of Feeling (Stroke)

Flashcard 3: Consequences of Loss of Feeling (Stroke)

• Consequences: The consequences of loss of feeling in the context of a stroke can include an increased risk of accidental injuries, burns, and pressure ulcers (bedsores). It can also affect proprioception (awareness of body position), making tasks like walking and maintaining balance challenging.

visual feild loss

.The effects of hemianopia:

People frequently bump into objects, and easily trip or fall over objects in their field loss. Going into crowded areas may become quite difficult, because people and objects suddenly appear in front of them from the blind side. Additionally, the loss of visual field may also cause people to miss words and have difficulty reading.

.The effects of diplopia/double vision:

.The effects of diplopia/double vision:

People are at risk of bumping into objects, and can easily trip or fall over objects. It is common for individuals with double vision to complain of nausea.

.Effects of visual inattention/neglect:

.Effects of visual inattention/neglect:

People may frequently bump into objects, and easily trip or fall over objects on their affected side. They may not be aware of their visual defect which can raise serious safety issues.

Strategies to assist communication

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Strategies to assist communication

We have already discussed a couple of strategies to use for assisting with communication:

• Sitting in front/to the side of the person where they can see you clearly

• Speaking slowly

• Asking the person to repeat anything you have not understood

signs of swallowing problems

Swallowing problems, also known as dysphagia, can manifest through various signs, including:

1. Coughing or choking during or after eating or drinking.

2. Difficulty initiating swallowing or feeling like food is getting stuck in the throat.

3. Pain or discomfort while swallowing.

4. Recurrent respiratory infections, such as pneumonia, due to food or liquid entering the airway.

5. Weight loss or malnutrition due to avoiding certain foods or reduced intake.

6. Gurgling or wet vocal quality after swallowing.

7. Regurgitation of food or sour liquid.

8. Frequent heartburn or acid reflux.

It is important to consult a healthcare professional for a proper evaluation and diagnosis if you or someone you know is experiencing these symptoms.

long term affects of swalllowing problems

Long-term Effects of Swallowing Problems

Swallowing problems, also known as dysphagia, can have various long-term effects depending on the underlying cause and severity. Some potential long-term effects may include:

1. Malnutrition and weight loss: Difficulty swallowing can lead to inadequate intake of nutrients, resulting in malnutrition and weight loss over time.

2. Dehydration: Swallowing difficulties may make it challenging to consume enough fluids, leading to dehydration if not managed properly.

3. Aspiration pneumonia: If food or liquid enters the lungs instead of the stomach, it can cause aspiration pneumonia, a potentially serious infection.

4. Reduced quality of life: Swallowing problems can impact a person's ability to enjoy meals, socialize, and participate in activities, leading to a decreased quality of life.

5. Respiratory issues: In severe cases, chronic aspiration can lead to chronic lung problems and respiratory complications.

It is important to consult with a healthcare professional for a proper diagnosis, treatment, and management of swallowing problems to minimize potential long-term effects.

Risk factors for developing pressure sores, also known as pressure ulcers or bedsores, include:

1. Immobility: Individuals who are unable to change positions frequently, such as those with limited mobility or who are bedridden, are at higher risk.

2. Poor nutrition: Malnourished individuals have weakened skin and are more susceptible to developing pressure sores.

3. Moisture: Prolonged exposure to moisture, such as from sweating or incontinence, can increase the risk.

4. Friction and shear: Rubbing or dragging of the skin against surfaces can damage the skin's integrity and contribute to pressure sore development.

5. Reduced sensation: Conditions that impair sensation, such as spinal cord injuries or neurological disorders, can prevent individuals from feeling discomfort or pain, leading to prolonged pressure on the skin.

6. Advanced age: Older adults may have thinner skin, reduced mobility, and underlying health conditions that increase the risk.

7. Chronic medical conditions: Conditions like diabetes, vascular disease, and autoimmune disorders can impair blood flow and compromise skin health, making individuals more susceptible to pressure sores.

8. Smoking: Smoking reduces blood flow and impairs wound healing, increasing the risk of pressure sore development.

9. Mental status: Individuals with cognitive impairment or mental health conditions may be less aware of their body's needs and may not take appropriate measures to prevent pressure sores.

It is important to note that these are common risk factors, and individual circumstances may vary. Regular assessment and preventive measures are crucial to minimize the risk of pressure sore development.

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• A pressure care risk assessment should be included and updated as required in the patients notes

• Changing his position regularly

• Checking his pressure areas/points

• Liaising with colleagues

• Using appropriate pressure relieving equipment

Flashcard 1: Factors Causing Bladder and Bowel Issues After Stroke

Flashcard 1: Factors Causing Bladder and Bowel Issues After Stroke

• Factors: Bladder and bowel issues following a stroke may be caused by neurological damage, disrupted signals between the brain and these organs, muscle weakness, medications, and immobility due to the stroke's effects.

Impact on Well-being from Bladder and Bowel Issues After Stroke

• Impact: These issues can lead to embarrassment, loss of independence, social isolation, and decreased quality of life. They may affect a person's self-esteem and mental health, leading to anxiety or depression

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Methods to Identify Bladder and Bowel Problems After Stroke

• Identification: Healthcare professionals can use methods such as patient history, physical examinations, imaging (e.g., ultrasound), and bladder diaries to assess and diagnose bladder and bowel issues. Monitoring changes in urinary and fecal patterns is crucial

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.Strategies to Assist in Recovery or Management of Bladder and Bowel Function After Stroke

• Strategies: Strategies for managing these issues include pelvic floor exercises, dietary modifications, scheduled toileting, catheterization when necessary, and assistive devices like commodes or bedpans. Rehabilitation and occupational therapy can help individuals regain independence in toileting and self-care.

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Impact of Cognitive Challenges on Everyday Behavior

• Impact: Cognitive challenges may result in changes in a person's everyday behavior, such as forgetfulness, difficulty following instructions, communication struggles, decision-making hesitations, and altered problem-solving abilities. These changes can affect independence and social interactions.

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.Reasons for Emotional Distress Following a Stroke

• Reasons: Emotional distress after a stroke can occur due to factors such as sudden life changes, fear of disability, loss of independence, frustration with recovery, physical and cognitive challenges, and grief over lost abilities.

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.Effects of Being Emotionally Distressed Following Stroke

• Effects: Emotional distress can result in anxiety, depression, feelings of sadness or anger, social isolation, changes in sleep patterns, and a negative impact on overall well-being. It may hinder the rehabilitation process

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.Strategies to Assist Individuals with Emotional Problems Following Stroke

• Strategies: Strategies to help individuals experiencing emotional distress include providing emotional support, connecting with support groups, offering counseling or therapy, encouraging social engagement, and addressing physical and cognitive needs to enhance their sense of control and well-being.