Unit 4: Changing Populations & Livable Communities

Geography 9

Demography

Demography is the study of how populations change.

What is understood when studying demography?

By studying demography, we better understanding if:

• If the number of people in a country is growing or declining

• Where people live in a country

• What services are needed for different groups of people

Birth Rate

The number of babies born each year for every 1000 people already living in Canada

Death Rate

The number of deaths every year for every 1000 people already living in Canada

Natural Increase Rate

The difference (subtraction) between the birth and death rates, and shows if a country’s population is growing or not.

NIR per 1000 people = birth rate - death rate

→ Turn into percent

(NIR/1000) x 100 = percent

Migration Rates, Immigrants, Emigrants

The number of people who immigrate into or emigrate out of a country.

Immigrant: Individual who moves into a new country.
Emigrant: Person who leaves a country to live in another one.

Net Migration Rate

The difference (subtraction) between the number of people who move into a country and the number of people moving out of the same country.

Net migration rate per 1000 people = immigration rate - emigration rate

→ Convert into percentage

(NMR/1000) x 100 = %

Population Growth Rate

The overall rate for change in population. Trends will traditionally show a growth in the population, but they may also be declining.

Natural Increase Rate + Net Migration Rate = Population Growth Rate per 1000 people

→ Convert as percentage

(PGR/1000) x 100 = %

Doubling Time & Rule of 70

The length of time in calendar years it would take for a country’s population to double at the current population growth rate. The rule of 70 is used to estimate this.

70 / population growth rate = doubling time

In Canada,

= 70/0.97

=72.2

In order for our population to double at the current population growth rate, it would take us 72.2 years.

Dependency Load & Population Groups, Roles

The portion of the population that needs to be supported by working adults. For example, children and older adults.

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In Demography, population can be described as 3 groups based on the roles they have in society.

1. Children (ages 14 and younger)

2. Working adults (ages 15 - 64)

3. Older adults (ages 65 and older)
   

Roles:

Children: Go to school, grow, learn, make mistakes, etc
Working adults: Pay taxes, support family, work, etc.

Older adults: Retire(d), volunteer, take care of grand children, etc.

Demographic Transition Model

The DTM is a model that describes how a country will change population wise overtime as it continues to develops (economically, social development, etc.). It consists of four main stages.

4 Demographic Transition Model Stages:

1. Pre-Transition

2. Early Transition

3. Late Transition

4. Post Transition

Characteristics of a STAGE 5 Transition

In Stage 5, there will be a even lower death rate and and birth rate compared to the previous stages. The death rate would be slightly higher than the birth rate. This is because:

• Baby boomers are passing away

• Innovations in healthcare, technology, and medicine allow for increased life expectancy

• More GEN Z & A people choose to delay or forgo having children due to career, lifestyle choices, and/or financial factors, resulting in no future generation to be born (less and less kids)

• The push for Inclusivity, reproductive rights, and diverse family structures, such as LGBTQ families or childless free family structures may result in a lower birth rate

DTM: Stage 1 (Pre-Transition) // Society

Birth Rate: High

- Similar -

Death Rate: High

• Natural Increase Rate: Low (Stable)

Society:

• High amounts of hunting, fishing, farming, and gathering food

• Having more children so they could help work on the crop fields

  • A lot of children died, few became adults, life expectancy was very low

• Disease, malnutrition, and contaminated drinking water was present

DTM: Stage 2 (Early Transition) // Society

Expansive Pyramid

High Birth Rate

Death rate drops dramatically compared to Pre-Transition stage.

• Natural increase rate is high (population explosion, doubling time is increasing)

Society

• Still a lot of farming, however technology advancements allow for mass food production

• Better food storage methods are adapted

  • Increasing food security

• Simple sanitation allow for fewer diseases (where to poop and get drinking water from river)

• Large families continue to happen with more children surviving to adulthood

DTM: Stage 3 (Late Transition) // Society

Stable Pyramid

Birth rate drops quickly

Death rate drops below 10/1000

• Natural increase rate is low

Society

• More productive agriculture with less humans and more machineries

• Move to cities increased (most people moved for work)

DTM: Stage 4 (Post Transition) // Society

Stable Pyramid - Decreasing Population Pyramid

Birth rate and death rate are slightly below 10/1000 | remain low from stage 3 late transition

• Natural Increase Rate is low and stable

Society:

• Most previous trends continue

• Role of woman have changed as many have full-time work and careers

• In developed countries, a large portion of the population is urban

1) Population Pyramid // Characteristics

Expansive Pyramid

• Broad base: Indicating lots of births, a rapid rate of population growth (stage 2 - sanitation)

  • Doubling time is increased

  • High NIR rate

• Low portion of older people (high death rates among people of 65+)

2) Population Pyramid // Characteristics

Stable Pyramid

• Narrow base and steep top (house shape)

• Roughly equal numbers in each age group

• Birth rate and death rates even out and are similar

• NIR: Low as birth rates and death rates are evened out

3) Population Pyramid // Characteristics

Declining Pyramid

• High proportion (amount) of aged people (65+) | Low Death Rate

  • With very few children being born | Low Birth Rate

• Population is declining and dependancy load is increasing

Centanarian

An individual who has lived past the age of 100.

Challenges of an aging population

• Access to healthcare and overall well being (mentally and physically)

• How will older Canadians be able to participate in society and the economy

• Government programs are need to support the needs of older Canadians

  • Recreational activities at community centres

  • Field trips to shopping malls, etc, for elderly people

Seniors (65+) make up the fastest-growing age group in Canada, why?

• Lower birth rates

• Increased life expectancy

• The Baby Boomer generation aging

Canada’s Aging Population: Impacts of Family Structure

• More seniors, less children

• Living arrangements made so family members can care for the elder

• Beyond taking care of elders, aunts, uncles, kids, etc. It is important to care for yourself

• Cost of living increases as more tax money is needed by the government to support social services (i.e. CPP)

Canada’s Aging Populations: Impacts of Labour Force

• Lower amount of people on the labour force as more people retire (baby boomers)

  • Labour market shortages (in key sectors // healthcare)

• Lower amount of people on the primary industry (technology)

• More jobs need to be created to support seniors

  • Caregiving, PSW (Personal Support Worker)

  • Recreational centre workers for hosting evens for seniors

  • Healthcare workers for a higher senior population (nurses, doctors, therapist, PA’s, etc)

  • More financial advisors to manage senior’s retirement funds and plans

Canada’s Aging Population: Economic Impacts

• More working adults are needed to pay into social services with tax money. For example, more seniors will be on CPP, meaning more money/tax dollars is needed. (CPP faces strain)

  • With lower birth rates and less working adults, increased immigration is needed to increase the amount of working adults

• Older adults will use more healthcare services, increasing public healthcare spending. (Pressure on public finances)

Inuit Nunangat: Regions & Size (Land Area)

• Inuvialuit

• Nunavut (Largest)

• Nunavik (2nd Largest)

• Nunatsiavut (Smallest)

Since Time Immemorial

A phrase used by Inuit people and it refers to longer than combined human history. In another words, it means for as long as anyone can remember; going back far beyond recorded history.

What stage of the DTM is Nunavut and Canada in?

Nunavut:

• Stage 2 (Early Transition)

Rest of Canada:

• In Stage 4 (Late Transition) and possibly entering a Stage 5

Nunavut Demographics: Family Structure

• High birth rates, low amount of seniors (expansive pyramid)

• More children than seniors (65+)

  • Large young dependancy load

• Kids are hunting, community sharing techniques

Nunavut’s Population (Demographics): Labour Force

• Mining jobs

  • Environmental Concerns

• Hunting, fishing, jobs

• Young labour force

• Tourism & traditional performance actors

• High amounts of unemployment

  • Not enough jobs for the population

Nunavut’s Demographics: Economic Effects

• Food and other items are expensive due to the need to import goods

  • Baby formula, diapers, personal sanitation items, fresh fruit and vegetables

• Mining and fisheries plays a big role in Nunavut’s economy. However, both have concerning economic and social effects

  • To combat, a deep port is being built allowing for cruise/cargo ships to drive the economy

Two Types of Immigrants

• Economic Immigrants

• Social & Humanitarian Immigrants

Economic Immigrants: Class (5)

• Skilled Worker

• Skilled Trades

• Start-Up Visa

• Canadian Experience

  • Requires one year of being a temporary foreign worker

• Temporary Foreign Worker*

Skilled Worker // How is One Approved?

• Point system

  • Family member with the most amount of points get examined

What Classes of ECO Immigrants Use The P/F System?

• Skilled Trades

• Canadian Experience

• Temporary Foreign Workers

What Criteria is needed for a Start-Up Visa

• Approved Canadian investors will fund the idea

• Know English/French

• At least a year of post-secondary experience

• Have enough money to support themselves until business proceeds can take over

What are the Classes of the Social and Humanitarian Immigrants (2)

• Family Class

  • Sponsor

• Refugees

  • Asylum Seekers (Apply for refugee status within Canada)

  • Resettled Refugees (Apply for refugee status outside of Canada)

Population Distribution

The pattern showing where people live in an area. (How people are spread out across a geographic area)

[XX]% of Canadians live in the _____ (within [XXX]km of the border of the U.S.)

90 percent, within 600skm

• This means that almost all the people in Canada live on only 10% of our land

(3) Types of Population Distribution

A) Scattered

B) Clustered

C) Linear

Population Density

The calculation of how many people live in one square kilometer of land (people/km²)

T/F | Population density is higher in urban areas compared to rural areas.

TRUE, Population density is higher in urban areas than it is in rural areas.

• Over 80% of Canada’s population lives in urban areas (cities or towns)

Urbanization

The process of a location changing from rural to urban over time

Urban Sprawl

New development that happens around an area that is already urban

Types of Urban Land Use // Examples

• Residential

  • Low Density

    • Single or semi-detached homes

  • Medium Density

    • Townhouses

  • High Density

    • Apartments/Condos

• Transportation Land

  • Roads, highways, expressways

  • travel paths, sidewalks, bike lanes

  • Train tracks, train stations and airfields/airports

• Institutional & Public Buildings

  • Schools, government offices/buildings, parliaments (legislative assemblies)

  • Hospital

• Open Space and Recreational

  • Park Land, golf courses, trails, playing fields, green fields, arenas

• Industrial

  • Factories, warehouses, large production plants, (GM factory in Oshawa, ON), etc.

• Commercial

  • Shopping centers (community & regional), neighborhood plazas, power centers(RONA & Walmart plaza), central business district

Types of Urban Land Use (Greatest to Smallest) (6)

1. Residential

2. Transportation

3. Institutions and Public Buildings

4. Recreational and Green Space

5. Industrial

6. Commercial

Principles of Smart Growth

The principles of Smart Growth includes producing higher-density, compact homes (townhouses) and communities with plenty of bike lanes, pathways, sidewalks and walking trails; all surrounded by greenspaces and farmland. The objective is to crease a twenty minute walk between all the essential locations (grocery store, plaza, doctors office, etc.).

Intensification

The process of increasing density in areas that are already urban.

Ecological Services // Importance of Keeping Ecological Services

Natural services that nature, farmland and greenspaces provide. For example, clean air and water, healthy soil, and habitat for wildlife. In other words, stuff (services and products) that nature just does.

Problems with Urban Sprawl

Creates endless pavements resulting in increased car dependency and higher amounts of traffic resulting in high social and infrastructure costs.

If this continues, it poses a threat to our families, out communities, and the ecosystems that sustain us.

Urban Food Belts

First adapted by Markham, these limit growth to areas that are already built-up. This aims to protect the remaining farms, greenspaces, and forests from being paved over.