LONE STAR COLLEGE BIOL 2401 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1 EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE (CH 5 & 6), BIOL 2401 - Chapter 5 - Tissues

SKIN

largest organ of human body

PARTS OF SKIN

epidermis and dermis

FUNCTIONS OF SKIN

1) protection from UV rays and microorganisms

2) sensation of heat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain

3) temperature regulation via sweat

4) vitamin D production from UV light

5) excretion of waste products

EPIDERMIS

superficial layer of epithelium; also known as keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

CELLS OF EPIDERMIS

merkel, langerhan, keratinocytes, and melanocytes

KEROTINOCYTES

produce protein keratin, which waterproofs skin

MELANOCYTES

produces pigment melanin, exist in the lower portion of epidermis

LAYERS OF EPIDERMIS

1) stratum corneum

2) stratum lucidum

3) stratum granulosum

4) stratum spinosum

5) stratum basale

STRATUM CORNEUM

25-30 layers of flat, dead squamous cells completely filled with keratin; always shed and replaced by deeper cells

STRATUM LUCIDUM

3-5 layers of clear, flat dead cells; found only in palms and soles of feet

STRATUM GRANULOSUM

3-5 layers of cells; keratin is formed here and keratinocytes begin to degenerate

STRATUM SPINOSUM

8-10 layers of cells; uptake of melanin from melanocytes to keratinocytes via pinocytosis

STRATUM BASALE

single layer of cells continually going through mitosis producing new keratinocytes; melanocytes found in this layer

PIGMENTS OF SKIN

melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin

MELANIN

1) most important pigment in skin, hair, and eyes

2) color ranges from yellow to reddish-brown to black

3) produced in melanocytes

4) determined by genetics, exposure to light, and hormones

TYROSINASE

enzyme that synthesizes tyrosine into melanin

ALBINISM

lack of melanin formation

CAROTENE

yellowish-orange pigment typically obtain from diet such as carrots

HEMOGLOBIN

red pigment found in RBC that carry oxygen

DERMIS

composed of connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers

COLLAGEN

protein that gives connective tissue strength and pliability; most abundant protein in CT

ELASTIN

protein that gives skin stretchability

TYPES OF INJECTIONS

intradermal, subcutaneous, and intramuscular

INTRADERMAL (TUBERCULIN) INJECTION

injection into the dermis

SUBCUTANEOUS (SUB-Q) INJECTION

injection into the fatty tissue of hypodermis

INTRAMUSCULAR (IM) INJECTION

injection into the skeletal muscle

DERMAL PAPILLAE

border between epidermis and dermis

ACCESSORY SKIN STRUCTURES

hair, glands, and nails

TYPES OF GLANDS

1)sebaceous

2) sudiferous

3) ceruminous

4) mammary

SEBACEOUS GLANDS

oil glands located in dermis connected to hair follicles; produces sebum

SEBUM

oily secretion that moisturizes hair and skin

SUDORIFEROUS GLANDS

sweat glands located throughout the body

TYPES OF SUDORIFEROUS GLANDS

merocrine and apocrine

MEROCRINE (ECCRINE) GLANDS

most abundant sweat gland; watery and responsible of temperature homeostasis

APOCRINE GLANDS

mostly found in axillary and groin regions; become active at puberty and the sweat produced by these glands are caused by stress and excitement

CERUMINOUS GLANDS

sweat glands found in outer ear; produces cerumen

CERUMEN

waxy secretion that offers protection from debris

MAMMARY GLANDS

sweat glands found in the breasts; control of hormones and produces milk for newborns

NAILS

plates of tightly packed, hard, keratinized cells that lie over epidermis, dorsal side, distal portion of digits

LANUGO

fetus' body covered by unpigmented hair

TERMINAL HAIR

grow at time of birth; coarse and pigmented and near scalp and eyebrows; in pubic, axillary regions and in males, on chest and face

VELLUS HAIR

short and fine hair

PARTS OF HAIR

1) shaft

2) root

3) follicle

4) bulb

5) arrector pili

SHAFT

projects above the skin

ROOT

portion beneath the skin

HAIR FOLLICLE

surrounding the hair

BULB

base of hair follicle

ARRECTOR PILI

smooth muscle that will lift hair when it contracts

e.g. goose bumps

HAIR COLOR

determined genetically

HYPODERMIS

1) underlying connective tissue of skin, mostly adipose

2) purpose is to connect skin to skeletal muscle

3) half of body fat stored here

SUPERFICIAL WOUND HEALING

epidermal cells adjacent to scrape will enlarge and migrate to center of injury

THERMOREGULATION OF SKIN

maintenance of homeostasis; when hot, brain sends message to glands to produce sweat; when cold, brain sends message to muscle layer so blood vessel can constrict

BURN

denaturation of proteins of exposed cells due to heat, electricity, radioactivity, and chemicals

PARTIAL THICKNESS BURNS

first degree and second degree burns

FULL THICKNESS BURNS

third degree burn

FIRST DEGREE BURN

1) surface of epidermis

2) mild pain and redness

e.g. typical sunburn

SECOND DEGREE BURN

1) destroys all of the epidermis and some papillary region of dermis

2) redness, edema, pain, and blisters

3) skin regeneration occurs

THIRD DEGREE BURN

1) destroys epidermis, dermis, and derivatives, and deeper tissue

2) no dermal sensory receptors

3) skin functions are lost and regeneration occurs only from adjoining tissue

4) skin grafts necessary

SPLIT SKIN GRAFT

epidermis and part of the dermis are removed from another part of the body and placed over burn area

AUTOLOGOUS SKIN TRANSPLANTATION

individual's epidermis are removed and grown in the lab, then transplanted back to the person

SKIN CANCER

most common type and usually associated with overexposure to sun or tanning lights

TYPES OF SKIN CANCER

1) basal cell carcinoma

2) squamous cell carcinoma

3) malignant melanoma

BASAL CELL CARCINOMA

tumors arise from stratum basale of epidermis and have variety of appearances; slow metastasis

SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA

second most common type of skin cancer that arises from the stratum spinosum; slow metastasis

MALIGNANT MELANOMA

life threatening cancer arising from melanocytes

RULE FOR ASSESSING MELANOMA

A = asymmetry

B = border

C = color

D = diameter

E = evolution

DECUBITUS

bedsore or pressure sore; caused by deficiency of blood to tissues overlying a bony projection

PSORIASIS

chronic skin condition in which skin cells divide 7x more frequently than normal; leads to scaly reddened patches on skin surface

VITILIGO

development of patches of white skin due to abnormal or lack of melanocytes in that area

CYANOSIS

bluish discoloration of the skin resulting from poor and/or inadequate circulation of blood and oxygen

JAUNDICE

yellowing of the skin and the whites of eyes from excess bilirubin which is caused by obstruction of bile duct, liver disease, and breakdown of blood

IMPETIGO

contagious, bacterial skin infection forming postules and yellow, crusty sores

symptoms: rash, blisters, dark/honey crust

causes: strains of staph and strep bacteria

ERYTHEMA

superficial, reddening of the skin, usually in patches, dilation of blood in capillaries

COMPONENTS OF SKELETAL SYSTEM

bone, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons

FUNCTIONS OF BONE

1) support

2) movement

3) storage

4) protection

5) blood cell production

CELLS OF CARTILAGE

chondroblasts and chondrocytes

CHONDROBLASTS

cells that produce new cartilage

CHONDROCYTES

cells that maintain cartilage

TYPES OF CARTILAGE

hyaline, fibro, and elastic

HYALINE CARTILAGE

most abundant type of cartilage, found in ends of long bones and the costal region (ribs); very strong but not flexible

FIBROCARTILAGE

tough and flexible cartilage; located in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis

ELASTIC CARTILAGE

very flexible, contains many collagen and elastin fibers; located in outer ear (pinna)

MESENCHYME

embryological connective tissue that gives rise to all definitive connective tissue

TYPES OF OSSEOUS (BONE) CELLS

1)osteoblasts

2)osteocytes

3)osteochondral progenitor cells

4)osteoclasts

OSTEOCHONDRAL PROGENITOR CELLS

what mesenchyme cells turn into; these cells are stem cells and are able to go through mitosis

OSTEOBLASTS

cells that form bone but can no longer go through mitosis

plays role in ossification

OSTEOCYTES

bone cells that maintain the bone's matrix and cannot go through mitosis

OSTEOCLASTS

derived from stem cells in red bone marrow; settle on surface of bone and responsible for resorption of bone matrix

BONE MATRIX

composed of 35% of organic material and 65% of inorganic material; composed of hydroxyapatite crystal and collagen fibers

HYDROXYAPATITE

calcium phosphate crystal

COLLAGEN FIBERS

gives flexibility of bone

TYPES OF BONE

compact and cancellous (spongy)

COMPACT BONE

very tight and dense; arranged in osteons around haversian canal

`OSTEON

system of osteocytes that are arranged around the haversian canal

CANCELLOUS (SPONGY) BONE

consists of separate plates called trabeculae

TRABECULAE

separate plates

STRUCTURES OF LONG BONE

1) diaphysis

2) epiphysis

3) epiphyseal growth plate

4) epiphyseal line

5) articular cartilage

6) periosteum

7) medullary cavity

8) endosteum

DIAPHYSIS

shaft of the bone

EPIPHYSIS

extremities or ends of the bone

EPIPHYSEAL LINE

area where