Biology key words all sem 1

What process involves the uptake of digested nutrients into the blood or lymph?

Absorption

What type of transport moves substances against a concentration gradient using ATP?

Active transport

What is the digestive tract from the mouth to the anus known as?

Alimentary canal

What are the tiny air sacs in the lungs called?

Alveoli

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Amino acids

What enzyme breaks down starch into sugars?

Amylase

What stage of mitosis involves chromatids being pulled to opposite poles?

Anaphase

What are small branches of arteries leading to capillaries called?

Arteriole

What type of blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?

Artery

What is the upper chamber of the heart that receives blood?

Atrium

What type of asexual reproduction is seen in prokaryotes where the cell splits in two?

Binary fission

What kidney structure surrounds the glomerulus and starts filtration?

Bowman's capsule

What are small branches of the bronchi leading to alveoli?

Bronchiole

What is a main branch of the trachea into the lungs?

Bronchus

What is a microscopic blood vessel for exchange between blood and tissues?

Capillary

What is the involuntary, striated muscle of the heart?

Cardiac muscle

What process makes cells specialized?

Cell differentiation

What process describes cell splitting (mitosis or meiosis)

Cell division

What controls the substance movement in and out of a cell?

Cell membrane

What is it called when cells adapt for specific functions?

Cell specialization

What term describes the breakdown of food using enzymes and chemicals?

Chemical digestion

What pigment captures light energy for photosynthesis?

Chlorophyll

In what plant organelle does photosynthesis occur?

Chloroplast

What are the two identical strands of a replicated chromosome?

Chromatids

Loosely coiled DNA and proteins in the nucleus are known as what?

Chromatin

What structure contains DNA and carries genetic material?

Chromosome

What are small hair-like structures for movement or fluid transport?

Cilia

What body system transports blood, nutrients, and gases?

Circulatory system

What type of circulatory system keeps blood always within vessels?

Closed circulatory system

The matching bases in DNA (A-T, C-G) are described as what?

Complementary

What describes the specific base pairing of nucleotides in DNA/RNA?

Complementary binding

What is the difference in concentration between two areas called?

Concentration gradient

What division happens after mitosis or meiosis?

Cytokinesis

What is the jelly-like substance holding organelles within a cell?

Cytoplasm

What type of blood has given up oxygen and needs reoxygenation?

Deoxygenated blood

What is the breakdown of food into smaller components?

Digestion

What system is responsible for digestion and absorption?

Digestive system

What kind of cell has two sets of chromosomes (2n)?

Diploid

What molecule stores genetic instructions?

DNA

Phosphate, sugar, and a nitrogen base are building blocks of what?

DNA nucleotides

What process copies DNA before cell division?

DNA replication

What cells have the potential to become any type?

Embryonic stem cells

What process occurs when a cell takes in material by engulfing it in a vesicle?

Endocytosis

Which endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein production?

Endoplasmic reticulum (rough)

Which endoplasmic reticulum is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification?

Endoplasmic reticulum (smooth)

What are chemical tags on DNA that affect gene expression known as?

Epigenome

What type of cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles?

Eukaryotic

What process involves movement of gases, nutrients, and wastes across membranes?

Exchange of materials

What is the removal of metabolic waste products?

Excretion

What system removes waste?

Excretory system

What process releases substances from a cell via vesicles?

Exocytosis

What is a tail-like structure for movement called?

Flagellum

What model explains the cell membrane structure?

Fluid mosaic model

What acidic fluid in the stomach digests food?

Gastric juice

What is a DNA sequence that codes for a protein?

Gene

What is the activation of a gene to produce RNA/protein?

Gene expression

What happens if a gene is not being expressed?

Gene switched off

What happens if a gene is being activley transcribed and translated?

Gene switched on

What is the complete set of genes in an organism?

Genome

What is genetic makeup of an organism?

Genotype

What capillary knot in the kidney filters blood?

Glomerulus

What organelle packages and ships proteins/lipids?

Golgi body

What kind of cell has one set of chromosomes (n)?

Haploid

What is the maintenance of a stable internal environment?

Homeostasis

What is attracted to water?

Hydrophilic

What is repelled by water?

Hydrophobic

What defends against pathogens and disease?

Immune system

What is the process of taking food into the mouth?

Ingestion

What is the process of breathing in air?

Inhalation

What cell phase is for growth and DNA replication before mitosis?

Interphase

What does intracellular mean?

Inside a cell

What enzyme breaks down lipids?

Lipase

What is fat or a fat-like molecule used for energy/storage?

Lipid

What fluid circulates in the lymphatic system?

Lymph

What are the smallest lymphatic vessels?

Lymph capillary

What filters lymph and houses immune cells?

Lymph node

What type of white blood cell is in the immune response?

Lymphocyte

What are large molecules (e.g., proteins, lipids, nucleic acids)?

Macromolecule

What is the physical breakdown of food?

Mechanical digestion

What is the sum of all chemical reactions in a cell or organism?

Metabolism

What stage of mitosis lines chromosomes at the equator?

Metaphase

What cytoskeleton fibers are for shape and movement?

Microtubules

What organelle produces ATP through cellular respiration?

Mitochondria

What cell division results in identical daughter cells?

Mitosis

What divides the nucleus during mitosis?

Mitotic division

What small unit that joins to form polymers?

Monomer

What is made of more than one cell?

Multicellular

What functional unit of the kidney?

Nephron

What detects and responds to stimuli?

Nervous system

What are DNA and RNA called?

Nucleic acids

What organelle contains DNA in eukaryotic cells?

Nucleus

What tube carries food form mouth to stomach?

Oesophagus

What circulatory system describes blood that is not always in vessels and bathes organs directly?

Open circulatory system

What is a group of tissues with a specific function?

Organ

What is a group of organs working together called?

Organ system

What structure within cells has specific roles?

Organelle

What is another word for an individual living thing?

Organism

What regulates water and solute balance?

Osmoregulation

What is the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane?

Osmosis

What describes blood from lungs that is rich in oxygen?

Oxygenated blood