EID Test #1- zoonotic diseases

zoonotic disease

a disease that has the ability to pass back and forth from animals to humans

viral infection cycle (6)

attachment, entry, uncoating, biosynthesis, maturation, release

viral infection cycle- attachment

viral proteins attach to host cell surface proteins

viral infection cycle- entry

receptor-mediated entry (e.g., endocytosis)

viral infection cycle- uncoating

exposure of viral genome

viral infection cycle- biosynthesis

replication of genome and protein production

viral infection cycle- maturation

mature, infectious virion that is able to infect nearby host cells

viral infection cycle- release

via budding

SARS stands for…

sudden acute respiratory syndrome

the SARS VIRUS is called…

SARS CoV-1

SARS transmission

respiratory (aerosol transmission)

scientists used… to ID the SARS virus so quickly when it appeared first in 2002

reverse transcriptase PCR

a patient can be identified as being infected with SARS-CoV/SARS-CoV2 via…(2)…which one is more effective in current infection diagnosis?

antibody and antigen testing, antibody testing

scientists can use… to identify if patients carry antibodies for an illness

ELISA

the COVID-19 VIRUS is called…

SARS CoV-2

MERS-CoV is also known as…

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome

avian influenza is classified as having…main infectious types based on…and sub-types are based on…

3, hemagglutinin, neuraminidase

hemagglutinin

protein found on the surface of influenza viruses; acts as an attachment factor

neuraminidase

protein found on the surface of influenza viruses; essential for the release of viral particles to travel to other host cells

the most common influenza strain is…

H5N1

the CDC and WHO use…(3) to predict which strains of the influenza virus to include in the vaccine

global surveillance, antigenic characterization, and predictive modeling

the swine flu strain that caused the 2009 pandemic

H1N1

the swine flu was so contagious because it was a “novel virus.” this means…

there was a new combination of influenza genes, meaning humans had no pre-existing immunity, making them susceptible to infection

how did the swine flu display effective human-to-human transmission?

the virus was able to easily spread from human to human, unlike many bird flu strains that required close contact with infected birds or pigs

“bird flu” is different from other influenza viruses (“swine flu,” “common flu”) in that…

infection only occurred in humans via close contact with an infected bird; it did not spread easily from human to human

“swine flu” is different from other influenza viruses (“bird flu,” “common flu”) in that…

while not all swine flu viruses can infect humans, some strains (such as the H1N1 pandemic strain) can be transmitted from swine to human, then efficiently transmitted from human to human

“seasonal flu” is different from other influenza viruses (“swine flu,” “bird flu”) in that…

influenza viruses circulate annually through humans, causing seasonal epidemics; these viruses are constantly evolving, requiring annual vaccine strain updates

factors that allowed SARS/ COVID-19 to develop into a pandemic compared to MERS include…(7)

higher transmission rates, faster spread, widespread community transmission, transmission from asymptomatic individuals, lower case fatality rate, prolonged viral persistence in the environment, global travel

SARS is transmitted via…while MERS is transmitted via…and COVID-19 is transmitted via…

respiratory droplets, close contact with infected individuals, respiratory droplets and aerosols

GENERALLY speaking, the case fatality rate (CFR) of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19—ranked highest to lowest—is…

SARS, MERS, COVID-19

out of SARS, MERS, and COVID-19, which disease did NOT reach pandemic status?

MERS

SARS and COVID-19 are believed to have originated from…while MERS is believed to have originated from…

bats, camels