ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder)

adhd and psychology

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

Types of ADHD

1. Predominantly Inattentive Presentation; 2. Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation; 3. Combined Presentation (both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms).

Key Symptoms

**Inattention**: Difficulty sustaining attention, easily distracted, forgetfulness, trouble following through on instructions, appears not to listen, avoids tasks requiring sustained effort, loses necessary items, makes careless mistakes.

Hyperactivity: Fidgets, leaves seat when expected to stay seated, runs or climbs excessively, difficulty engaging quietly in leisure activities, often "on the go," talks excessively.

Impulsivity: Blurts out answers prematurely, difficulty waiting turn, interrupts or intrudes on others.

Diagnosis

No single definitive test; comprehensive evaluation required. Symptoms must be present for at least 6 months. Children: 6+ symptoms of inattention or hyperactivity-impulsivity; Adults: 5+ symptoms. Symptoms must occur in multiple settings and interfere with functioning.

Assessment Methods

Clinical interviews, behavior rating scales (e.g., Conners' Rating Scales), Continuous Performance Tests (CPTs), neuropsychological testing, medical examination to rule out other conditions.

Comorbid Conditions

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), Conduct Disorder, Anxiety disorders, Mood disorders (depression), Learning disabilities, Sleep disorders, Substance use disorders.

Etiology

Multifactorial: genetic, environmental, and neurobiological factors. Heritability estimated at 70-80%. Structural and functional differences in brain regions (e.g., prefrontal cortex). Neurotransmitter imbalances (dopamine, norepinephrine).

Treatment Approaches

**Pharmacological Interventions**: Stimulants (e.g., methylphenidate), Non-stimulants (e.g., atomoxetine).

**Behavioral Interventions**: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), behavioral parent training, social skills training.

**Educational Support**: Individualized Education Programs (IEPs), 504 Plans, classroom accommodations.

**Lifestyle Modifications**: Regular exercise, consistent sleep schedule, healthy diet.

ADHD in Adults

Symptoms may change with age; inattentive symptoms often persist; hyperactivity may decrease but manifest as inner restlessness; impacts work performance and relationships; higher risk for substance abuse.

Challenges in Daily Life

Time management issues, organization difficulties, task initiation challenges, maintaining focus on non-preferred tasks, emotional regulation struggles.

Recent Research and Controversies

Ongoing debate about overdiagnosis and overmedication; research into alternative treatments; studies on long-term effects of ADHD medications; exploration of gender differences in presentation.