Avians

precocial

referring to birds whose young are relatively mature and mobile from the moment of hatching.

superprecocial

referring to birds whose young are extremely mature and can walk, feed, and behave independently almost immediately after hatching.

altricial

referring to birds whose young are born in a helpless state, requiring significant parental care and feeding before becoming mobile and independent.

superaltricial

referring to birds whose young are born in an even more helpless state than altricial young, needing extensive nurturing and support from their parents before becoming independent.

Precocial species eggs

• larger yolk

• more albumen

• hen condition is essential for egg production

  • parallels mammal prenatal care

3 feeding classifications

• herbivores

• omnivores

• carnivores

Who are models for NRC requirements

domestic chickens because they are omnivores

Poultry require how many nutrients

38

Why does poultry water need to maintained by high levels of minerals

to give them their proper nutrients and to prevent deficiencies that can affect growth and health.

How much protein do growing chicks need

18 - 23%

how much protein do growing poults need

26 - 30%

how much protein do growing ducklings and goslings need

require 20 - 22%

What can protein deficiencies be in chickens and turkeys be

• chickens with arginine deficiency

• wing feathers in bronze turkyes with lysine deficiency

What amino acids to birds need supplemented

• arginine

• isoleucine

• leucine

• lysine

• methionine

• phenylalanine

• threonine

• tryptophan

• valine

what amino acids can birds synthesize

• histidine

• glycine

• proline

what do birds not absorb efficiently

• dietary phosphorus (phytate)

• calcium

why are non nutrient antioxidants added to poultry diets

to protect vitamins and unsaturated fatty acids from oxidation

why are antibotics included in food

to promote growth and prevent disease in poultry.

Avian carnivores have a

• small crop

• small ventriculus

• small hindgut

Why does metabolic bone disease occur

• if bones <12 days old eat too many bones they cannot digest them

• when a chick grows too fast

Why is whole prey ideal for raptors

• no supplementation typically needed

• provides a complete diet including bones, feathers, and organs.

• keep yolk sac of chicks fed out

Commercial diets for birds consist of a mash of several different prey items so

vitamins and minerals should be supplemented and calcium should be 10g per kg of diet.

Why is the quality of piscivorous birds essential

thawing fish reduces its soluble vits and minerals, which can lead to nutritional deficiencies in birds that rely on fish as a primary food source. So they need supplements in the fish

avian fermenters

are birds that digest plant materials through fermentation, utilizing specialized intestinal bacteria.

where is fermentation ocuring in flightless birds

intestinal tract

Why is commercial ratite low energy and low protein

chicks develop leg deformities with high protein

passeriformes

are a group of birds, often referred to as 'fermenters,' that utilize fermentation in their digestive process, primarily found in flightless species.

What leads to obesity in granivores

• seed-based diets

• low vitamins and nutrients

what is changed in feed during breeding season

• high protein low fat diet

• canthaxanthins for color

• egg food

Avian frgivores eat

• fruit

• nectar

• seeds

• occasionally insects

iron storage disease

a condition in birds caused by excessive accumulation of iron in tissues, leading to organ damage.

iron stored in tissues

hemosiderosis

tissue damage

hemochromatosis

cloostridial disease

a bacterial infection from nectar fermenting in heat birds then consume it

What will happen is lories consume more than 5% protein

renal failure (kidney)

what diet do parrots need

• protein 10-15%

• Vitamin A

• Vitamin D

galliformes

a group of heavy-bodied ground-feeding birds that includes chickens, turkeys, and pheasants.

When feeding poultry what type do you use

complete feed

when chicks are young they get fed

high protein

when chicks are old they get fed

low protein

what happens if you restriction feed chickens

reduced egg production