ALL YEAR APUSH REVIEW

Virginia Company

English joint-stock company that received a charter from King James I that allowed it to found the Virginia colony.

John Smith

Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.

House of Burgesses

1619 - the first legislative body in colonial America. Later other colonies would adopt systems like this.

Indentured Servant

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

Anne Hutchinson

banished and excommunicated for challenging Puritan authority. claimed to have received direct revelation from God, was excommunicated and banished

Quakers

who believed in the "Inner Light," all people are equal, and that people can communicate directly with God

Covenant Chain

series of treaties and alliances between the Iroquois Confederacy and the British colonies in North America, along with other Native American tribes, from the late 17th century to the mid-1750

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

John Rolfe

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

Headright Grant System

Created in Virginia in 1618, it rewarded those who imported indentured laborers and settlers with fifty acres of land.

Pilgrims

they formed a joint-stock company, gained a charter, and created the Plymouth Colony in America. created the Mayflower Compact agreeing to work together as a "civil body politick"

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

William Penn

• Member of a religious sect called Quakers

• Received land grant from King

• Penn founded his colony as a "holy experiment" to promote religious toleration
  He bought land from American Indians, banned slavery, allowed a diverse population to move there
  Representative Assembly - Elected by landowners

Dominion of New England

1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.

Powhatan Tribe

Native American group that lived in Virginia at the time of Jamestown settlement

Puritan Migration

-Many Puritans emigrated from England to America in the 1630s and 1640s. During this time, the population of the Massachusetts Bay colony grew to ten times its earlier population.
-Puritan leader John Winthrop led 16,000 Puritans to the Massachusetts Bay colony

Puritans

-A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.
-believed in the Calvinist idea of predestination and to live strict "Christian" lives without sin
-thought the Anglican Church compromise too much by allowing some Catholic rituals

Roger Williams

-banished from Massachusetts for believing in separation of church and state and demanding that American Indians be paid for their land
-purchased land from the Narragansett Indians and founded Providence, Rhode Island

Massachusetts Bay Colony

-Puritan leader John Winthrop led 16,000 Puritans to the Massachusetts Bay colony as part of the "Great Migration" or Puritan Migration
-wanted to build Boston as a "city on a hill" to be a model to other Christians

Bacon's Rebellion

-Poor farmers, led by Nathaniel Bacon, blamed Virginia's governor for not protecting them against American Indian attacks on the frontier and started a rebellion
-proved to rich Virginians that indentured servants were dangerous and increased the demand for enslaved Africans

Joint Stock Company

A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors.

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Slave Codes

Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and denied them basic rights.

maroons

-Runaway slaves who gathered in mountainous, forested, or swampy areas and formed their own self-governing communities. raided plantations for supplies, had military skills from Africa.
-RAN MOSTLY TO FLORIDA AS SPANISH DISLIKED THE ENGLISH

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Navigation Acts

-Three rules for colonial trade passed between 1650-1673
-Trade to and from the colonies could be carried only by english or colonial built ships, operated only by english or colonial crews
-all goods imported into the colonies, except for some perishables, had to pass through ports in england
-Specified or enumerated goods from the colonies could be exported to England only. Tobacco was the original enumerated good, but over the years, the list greatly expanded.

Salutary Neglect

-England was very lax in enforcing regulations due to several factors
-Atlantic ocean separated the British government from the colonies
-England faced bigger problems than regulating trade between 1642 and 1763 that included a civil war, a revolution replacing the monarch, and 4 wars with the french
-British's colonial agents were often corrupt.

Stono Rebellion

The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina. 100 African Americans rose up, got weapons and killed several whites then tried to escape to S. Florida. The uprising was crushed and the participants executed. The main form of rebellion was running away, though there was no where to go.

-LED TO MORE STRICT SLAVE CODES

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Half-Way Covenant

A Puritan church document; In 1662, allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.

Poor Richard's Almanac

A book written by Benjamin Franklin and its purpose was to provide affordable information to the common people

Jonathan Edwards

-American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America (1703-1758)
-Preacher during the First Great Awakening; "Sinners in the hands of angry god"

Great Awakening

-A revival of religious feeling in the American colonies during the 1730s and 1750s
-Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.

Old Light Clergy

Colonial clergy from established who supported the religious status quo in the early 18th century
-Orthodox clergy

George Whitefield

-English clergyman who was known for his ability to convince many people through his sermons. He involved himself in the Great Awakening in 1739 preaching his belief in gaining salvation.
-Christian preacher whose tour of the English colonies attracted big crowds and sparked the First Great Awakening.
-Credited with starting the Great Awakening, also a leader of the "New Lights."

New Light Clergy

Colonial clergy who called for religious revivals and emphasized the emotional aspects of spiritual commitment. The New Lights were leaders in the Great Awakening.

-Defended great awakening

Maryland Act of Toleration

1649 - Ordered by Lord Baltimore after a Protestant was made governor of Maryland at the demand of the colony's large Protestant population. The act guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians.

John Peter Zenger

-New York publisher who was tried on a charge of libelously criticizing New York's royal governor.

-He got acquitted and the case did not guarantee freedom of press but encouraged the newspapers to criticize the government.

Albany Plan of Union

plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown

George Washington

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)

Seven Years/French and Indian War

Was a war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeated French in 1763. Historical Significance: established England as number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse. fought between Great Britain and France, often considered to be the first world war because it involved most of the globe.

Treaty of Paris, 1763

Ended French and Indian War, France lost Canada, land east of the Mississippi, to British, New Orleans and west of Mississippi to Spain

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Salutary Neglect

an English policy of relaxing the enforcement of regulations in its colonies in return for the colonies' continued economic loyalty

Pontiac Rebellion

1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.

Paxton Boys

They were a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.

Virtual representation

British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members

Committees of Correspondence

organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams, was a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. They provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament. The committees sent delegates to the First Continental Congress.

Stamp Act

1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.

-an act passed by the British parliment in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents

Stamp Act Congress

A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance.

Sons/Daughters of Liberty

-Secret society who intimidated tax agents; tarred and feathered some tax collectors

-Organizations that led protests, helped American soldiers, instated a boycott, and generally resisted the British.

Declaratory Acts

Act which was issued in 1766 in order to confirm the British government's right to pass acts which were legally binding to the colonists. It was used to save face after the colonists forced the repeal of the Stamp Act.

Townshend Acts

A tax that the British Parliament passed in 1767 that was placed on leads, glass, paint and tea

Vice Admiralty Courts

-A maritime tribunal presided over by a royally appointed judge, with no jury.

-In these courts, British judges tried colonials in trials with no juries.

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans

Tea Act

1773 act which eliminated import tariffs on tea entering England and allowed the British East India Company to sell directly to consumers rather than through merchants. Led to the Boston Tea Party.

Boston Tea Party

demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor

Coercive/Intolerable Acts

Acts passed in retaliation to the Boston Tea Party

-the British government closed port of Boston until tea was paid for

-revised the charter if Massachusetts (which drastically reduced their powers of self-government)

-forced colonists of Massachusetts to house British soldiers

-allowed British officers to be tried in England for crimes of violence.

Quebec Act

Extended boundaries of Quebec and granted equal rights to Catholics and recognized legality Catholic Church in the territory; colonists feared this meant that a pope would soon oversee the colonies.

Patriots

-American colonists who fought for independence from Great Britain during the Revolutionary War

-determined to fight the British until American independence was won

1st Continental Congress

On September 1774, delegates from 12 colonies gathered in Philadelphia. After debating, the delegates passed a resolution backing Mass. in its struggle. Decided to boycott all British goods and to stop exporting goods to Britain until the Intolerance Act was canceled.

Continental Army

The official army of the colonies, created by second continental congress and led by George Washington

Lexington and Concord

-first battles of the Revolutionary War

-The Battles was the first major military campaign of the American Revolutionary War, resulting in an American victory and outpouring of militia support for the anti-British cause

2nd Continental Congress

-Congress of American leaders which first met in 1775

-declared independence in 1776

-helped lead the United States during the Revolution

Olive Branch Petition

On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.

Thomas Paine

-American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809)

-Wrote common sense

Common Sense

-a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that criticized monarchies and convinced many American colonists of the need to break away from Britain

-claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation

Declaration of Independence

the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

Joseph Brant

Mohawk chief who led many Iroquois to fight with Britain against American revolutionaries

Loyalists

American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence

Phillis Wheatley

First African American female writer to be published in the United States. Her book Poems on Various Subjects was published in 1773, pioneered African-American literature. One of the most well- known poets in America during her day; first African American to get a volume of poetry published.

Tories

a person who supported the British cause in the American Revolution; a loyalist

Valley Forge

Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutrition, Steuben came to help and train the troops

Marquis de La Fayette

He was a French military officer who was a key general during both the French and American Revolutionary wars.

-helped train American troops while the French navy helped neutralize the British advantage on the high seas

Yorktown

1781; last battle of the revolution; Cornwallis and Washington; colonists won because British were surrounded and they surrendered

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

-Each state could send between 2-7 representatives to the national congress, but each state had only 1 vote

-To pass a law, 9 of the 13 states had to agree

-The national congress could make laws, settle disputes between states, negotiate treaties, handle Indian affairs, oversee a military

-all other powers were left up to the states