Chapter 1 : what is bio technology

What is the definition of biotechnology

Biotechnology is the use of living systems and organisms to develop or create products, often involving genetic manipulation and molecular biology techniques. It encompasses a wide range of applications in medicine, agriculture, and environmental management.

What are three traditional biotech products (pre 1970)

Cheese,yogurt,bread

What are two examples of modern biotech products

Insulin and genetically modified crops

When did modern biotech insustry begin

1970

When did early humans begin selectively breeding

8000 BC

When was wine invented

4000 BC

Who developed brewing and cheesemaking

Ancient civilizations such as the Sumerians and Egyptians, who utilized fermentation techniques for producing beer and cheese.

What was the first antibiotic, what was the culture, what was the time

Penicillin, soybean curds, 500 BC

who developed the first smallpox vaccine, When?

Edward Jenner, 1796

Who discovered proteins, When

jons jakob 1838

When was origin of species published

1859

who/When was pasteurization developed

Louis Pasteur, 1861

When did Mendel establish the principles of genetics

1865

when/ who developed rabies vaccine

louis pasteur/1885

When did the term biotech appear in print

1919

Who/ when discovered penicilin

Alexander Fleming/ 1928

Who/when discovered DNAs role

oswald Avery 1943

Who/ when discovered DNA shape

watson and crick 1953

When was discoverd mRNA

1961

When was first gene synthesized

1971

Who/When insulin

Genetech

When was DNA fingerprinting first used

When first gmo tobaco

1986

When human genome project launched

1990

First clone/ when

Dolly, 1997

When golden rice

1999

When HPV vaccines

2003

When was first self replicating bacterial cell

2010

crispr recognized when?

2012

When mRNA vaccine made

2021

When was human genome project finished

2003

Four common lab hazards

Chemical,physical,biological, fire related

What does OSHA recommend to ensure safety

Training, PPE, procedural awarness

What must initial and recurring training cover

Equipment location,safe handling, emergency response

What is PPE

Eye protection

hand protection

body/ foot protection

When should PPE be worn

Whenever handling materials

What are the different sectors in biotech

Bio research,healthcare,agriculture, manufacturing

Biotech key techniques

Molecular biology,celly biology, genetic engineering

What is the ethical consideration around biotech

We can but should we

biotech tools what are they?

Whole cells, DNA, RNA, proteins

What are the two key instruments in biotech

Spectrometers, PCR machines

What is chromatography

Using light to find out things identities

What is gene transfer

The transferring of genes

BIotech vs pharma what are the differences

One uses biotech drugs the other uses chemistry

What is protein purification

The final product

what is spectrometer

Measures light

What is PCR

Amplifies DNA

What are the key concepts behind biotech in national defense

to protect the people

Which company was the founding biotech and pharmaceutical industries

Genetech

What is the difference between biotech and pharma industrys

Chem vs biotech drugs

Who are the key users of biotech

Life sciences,healthcare,agriculture,forensics,national defense

What is genomics

The use of DNA tools

Protomics?

The use of tool to alter proteins

What is precision medicine

USing precise tools for medicine

What happens during the drug discovery phase of drug development

Animal test

Phase 1 testing

saftey testing on tens

Phase 2

Hundreds of volunteers for effects

phase 3?

thousands of volunteers for confirmation

what is hand protection

hand

What are body foot protection

lab suit and closed toe shoes

What is MSDS

instruction manual for chemicals

when should fume hoods be used

When your handling materials that produce fumes

What are BSL

determine danger level of labs

BSL 1

learning lab

BSL 2

Pediatrics or doctors (human samples)

BSL 3/4

Work with disease

How are microorganisms disposed

Autoclaving (pressurized scalding steam

what tools measure volume

graduated cylinder, volumetric flask, pipettes

What tool measure mass

analytical balences

what is normal body temp

37C

what is normal room temp

22C

what pH meters

electrodes

how should glassware be cleaned

autoclaves

What is a autoclave

pressurized heated steam that destroys biological matireal

What are the different methods for disinefction

Bleach

Ethanol

Uv light,filtration, and dry heat for some items

What is the purpose of a lab notebook

To docutment Purpose,Methods,Results, Conclusions

What are SI units

Grams,liters, degrees celcius

What is dilution formula

c1v1 = c2v2

Microbes in food products

Cheese, pickles

How are microbes used in dairy products

used for fermentation

How do microbes break down organic waste?

eat and digest it

How are microbes used in dairy products?

Ferment cheese, pickle pickles

How are microbes used in health care?

Microbes are given human insulin gene and then used to harvest it

What are pathogens?

Disease-causing microorganisms

What is anabolism?

Anabolism is the process of building complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy

What is catabolism?

Catabolism breaks down complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy

Where does metabolism happen in bacteria?

In bacteria, metabolism occurs throughout the cytoplasm and across the cell membrane

What is fermentation?

Fermentation is an anaerobic process (no oxygen) where cells convert sugars into energy, producing byproducts like alcohol or acids.

What are the end products of fermentation?

Common end products include ethanol (alcohol), lactic acid, carbon dioxide, and energy (ATP).

What is glucose?

Glucose is a simple sugar and a primary energy source for cells.

What is oxidation?

Oxidation is the loss of electrons from a molecule, often releasing energy.

What is reduction?

Reduction is the gain of electrons by a molecule, often storing energy.

What happens when glucose is oxidized?

It’s broken down into carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy through cellular respiration.

What is glycolysis?

Glycolysis is the first step in breaking down glucose, producing pyruvate and a small amount of energy (ATP).

What happens to pyruvate in the presence of oxygen?

It enters the mitochondria and is further broken down in the Krebs cycle for more energy.

What does fermentation begin with?

Fermentation begins with glycolysis, just like aerobic respiration.

What is lactic acid fermentation?

It’s a type of fermentation where pyruvate is converted into lactic acid, common in muscle cells and some bacteria.

What is alcoholic fermentation?

Yeast and some microbes convert pyruvate into ethanol and carbon dioxide.

What is milk rich in?

Milk is rich in nutrients like calcium, protein, vitamins (especially B12), and fats.

What pathogens can be found in milk?

Raw milk can contain harmful bacteria like Salmonella, E. coli, and Listeria.