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Culture
The shared practices, technologies, attitudes, and behaviors transmitted by a society.
Cultural traits
Specific customs or practices that are part of the everyday life of a particular culture.
Cultural complex
A combination of interrelated cultural traits within a society.
Culture hearths
Areas where cultures originated and from which innovations and ideas spread.
Diffuse
The spread of cultural elements from one area to another.
Taboos
Behaviors that are strongly discouraged by a culture.
Traditional culture
Customs and ways of life handed down from previous generations.
Folk culture
Traditionally practiced by small, homogeneous, rural groups living in relative isolation.
Indigenous culture
The cultural practices of native peoples, usually tied to a specific geographic area.
Globalization
The process of increased interconnectedness among countries, primarily in economic, cultural, and political realms.
Popular culture
Mainstream, widespread patterns among a society's population, often diffused via mass media.
Global culture
Cultural practices and norms that transcend national boundaries and are shared worldwide.
Cultural landscape
The visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape.
Artifacts
Physical objects made by a culture, representing its material aspect.
Material culture
The physical manifestations of human activities, such as tools, art, and structures.
Mentifacts
The ideas, values, and beliefs of a culture.
Nonmaterial culture
The intangible aspects of a culture, including beliefs, practices, and values.
Sociofacts
The structures and organizations of a society that influence social behavior.
Placelessness
The loss of uniqueness in a cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next.
Built environment
The human-made surroundings that provide the setting for human activity.
Traditional architecture
Structures that use local materials and have a historical style.
Postmodern architecture
A style that emerged in the late 20th century, blending historical and modern design elements.
Contemporary architecture
Innovative, often futuristic architectural designs built in the present era.
Ethnicity
A group's shared cultural identity, often connected to language, religion, and common ancestry.
Ethnic enclaves
Areas where a specific ethnic group dominates the population and culture.
Cultural regions
Geographic areas in which a particular culture or cultural traits predominate.
Cultural realms
Larger areas that share general cultural characteristics across many cultural regions.
Sacred place
A location deemed holy or spiritually significant by a particular culture or religion.
Diaspora
The dispersion of people from their original homeland, often due to forced migration.
Charter group
The first ethnic group to establish cultural norms in a particular area.
Ethnic islands
Small rural areas settled by a single, distinctive ethnic group.
Sequent occupancy
The theory that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place.
Neolocalism
The process of re-embracing the uniqueness and authenticity of a place in response to globalization.
Cultural patterns
The regular practices, beliefs, and norms that define a particular culture.
Culture hearth
The geographic origin of a cultural innovation or practice.
Nationality
The legal relationship and cultural connection between a person and their country.
Centripetal forces
Forces that unify a state or country, such as shared religion, language, or ethnicity.
Centrifugal forces
Forces that divide a state, including political, ethnic, or religious differences.
Sharia
Islamic law derived from the Quran and the teachings of Prophet Muhammad.
Blue laws
Laws that restrict certain activities on Sundays for religious reasons.
Fundamentalism
A strict adherence to basic principles of a religion or ideology.
Theocracies
Governments ruled by religious leaders or based on religious law.
Ethnocentrism
The belief in the superiority of one's own culture over others.
Cultural relativism
The practice of evaluating a culture by its own standards rather than judging it against another culture.
Cultural appropriation
The adoption of elements of one culture by members of another culture, often without permission.
Diffusion
The spread of ideas, beliefs, and cultural practices from one region to another.
Relocation diffusion
The spread of cultural traits through the physical movement of people.
Expansion diffusion
The spread of cultural traits outward from a central point, without the physical movement of people.
Contagious diffusion
The rapid and widespread diffusion of a cultural trait throughout a population.
Hierarchical diffusion
The spread of cultural traits from more influential or powerful places or people to others.
Reverse hierarchical diffusion
The spread of traits from lower-status groups or locations to higher-status ones.
Stimulus diffusion
When a culture adopts an idea or innovation from another culture but modifies it.
Imperialism
The policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
Colonialism
The practice of establishing political control over another country, often exploiting it economically.
Animism
The belief that objects, places, and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence.
Native speakers
Individuals who speak a language as their first language from childhood.
Lingua franca
A common language used for communication between speakers of different native languages.
Slang
Informal language often associated with specific groups or subcultures.
Pidgin language
A simplified language developed to facilitate communication between groups without a common language.
Creole language
A stable, fully developed language that originates from a mix of two or more languages.
Social constructs
Ideas or concepts that are created and accepted by society, such as gender roles or class systems.
Time-space convergence
The idea that the world feels smaller due to advances in communication and transportation.
Cultural convergence
The process where cultures become more alike due to shared technologies and organizational structures.
Cultural divergence
The process in which cultures become increasingly different over time.
Linguists
Scholars who study languages and their structure, history, and development.
Language tree
A model that shows the relationships between different languages from a common ancestor.
Indo-European language family
A large language family that includes many of the languages spoken in Europe and South Asia.
Romance languages
Languages that evolved from Latin, including Spanish, French, and Italian.
Isoglosses
Boundaries between different linguistic features or dialects.
Dialects
Variations of a language with distinct vocabulary, grammar, or pronunciation.
Adages
Short sayings that express general truths or pieces of wisdom.
Toponyms
Place names that often reflect cultural history and geography.
Official language
A language designated by a country for use in government and public affairs.
Homogeneous
A population with little cultural or ethnic diversity.
Adherents
People who follow or practice a particular religion or belief system.
Ethnic religions
Religions that are closely tied to a particular ethnic group and not seeking converts.
Universal religion
A religion that seeks to convert people regardless of their ethnic background or geography.
Hinduism
A major world religion originating in South Asia, characterized by belief in reincarnation and karma.
Polytheistic
The belief in or worship of multiple deities.
Monotheistic
The belief in or worship of one deity.
Karma
The belief that actions in this life affect a person's fate in future lives.
Caste system
A rigid social hierarchy in Hindu society, historically dividing people into classes.
Buddhism
A religion founded in India, focusing on personal spiritual development and the attainment of enlightenment.
Sikhism
A monotheistic religion founded in the Punjab region, promoting equality, justice, and devotion to one God.
Gurdwara
A Sikh place of worship.
Judaism
A monotheistic religion with origins in the Hebrew Bible, practiced by Jewish people.
Christianity
A monotheistic religion based on the teachings of Jesus Christ.
Islam
A monotheistic religion based on the Quran and the teachings of Prophet Muhammad.
Pilgrimage
A journey to a sacred place for religious purposes.
Homogenization
The process of making things uniform or similar, often in a cultural context.
Acculturation
The process of cultural change and adaptation resulting from contact between cultures.
Assimilation
The process by which a minority group adopts the cultural traits of the dominant group.
Syncretism
The blending of elements from different cultures or religions to form a new cultural practice.
Glocalization
The adaptation of global products or ideas to fit local cultures and preferences.
Multiculturalism
A perspective that encourages the preservation of different cultures within a society.
Nativist
A person or policy favoring the interests of native-born inhabitants over those of immigrants.
