Lymphatic and immune systems

Worm-like organ of cecum, immune & microflora function

Appendix

Lymphocytes maturing in bone marrow; antibodies

B cells

Lymphocytes mature in thymus; attack infected cells

T cells

Thymus gland lymphocytes replaced with fat (adipocytes) over time

Involution

the formation of blood cellular components

hematopoiesis

where is red bone marrow found?

in trabecular spaces of spongey bone

contains blood stem cells that can become red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets

red bone marrow

Interstitial fluid that has entered a lymphatic vessel lumen

Lymph

what is lymph made of?

water, dissolved solutes, small proteins

Carry lymph, overlapping endothelium, lacks a pump, blind ends

Lymphatic capillaries

what does the enlargement of lymphatic structures indicate?

tissue is actively fighting an infection

Drains lymph from the right head, arm, and thorax

Right lymphatic duct

Drains lymph from the left head, arm, trunk, both legs

Thoracic duct

Enlarged lumbar-region sac of the thoracic duct

Cisterna chyle

largest lymphatic vessels made from merged lymphatic trunks, convey lymph back into venous blood circulation

lymphatic ducts

Lymphocyte formation; thymus & red bone marrow

Primary lymphoid tissue

Houses lymphocytes; lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, provide site of immune response initiation

Secondary lymphoid tissue

has T cells only, no follicles, organ in mediastinum

thymus

Strands of the capsule extending down into tissue

Trabeculae

Lymph node region with cords and sinuses

Medulla

Outer lymph tissue, contains follicles with B cells

Cortex

Concave side of an organ where vessels enter and exit

Hilum

exit vessel in lymph node (1-2)

efferent lymph vessel

entry vessel in lymph node (many)

afferent lymph vessel

Where B cells mature in lymph nodes and the spleen, divides T cells and macrophages

Germinal centre

Hemicapsulated, posterior 1/3 of the tongue

Lingual tonsils

Hemicapsulated, posterolateral oropharynx

Palatine tonsils

Hemicapsulated, single, posterior nasopharynx

Pharyngeal tonsil

structure that helps protect against foreign substances inhaled or injested

tonsils

Diffuse lymphoid tissues in gut, lungs, genitals

MALT

Majority of the spleen, erythrolytic function

Red pulp

Clusters of lymphocytes in spleen, immune function

White pulp

Extravascular phagocytic monocytes

Macrophages

Round areas of lymph node cortex, germinal centres

Lymphoid follicle

Space between the capsule and cortex of lymph node

Subcapsular sinus

Endothelial flaps in lumen, prevents backflow and pooling

Valves

largest lymphatic organ

spleen

filter lymph and remove unwanted substance

lymph nodes

what is the correct flow of lymph? (4)

capillaries>vessels> trunks> ducts
(remember it goes from smallest to largest!)

what areas of the body does the right lymphatic duct drain?

right side of head and neck, right thorax, and right upper limb

what areas of the body does the thoracic duct drain?

left head and neck, left thorax, left upper limb, abdomen, both lower limbs

what are the secondary lymph structures?

lymph nodes, spleen, Peyer's patches, MALT, adenoids, and tonsils.

what are the primary lymph structures?

thymus and red bone marrow

which structure is involved in formation of lymphocytes? (primary or secondary)

primary lymph structures

which structure is involved in housing lymphocytes? (primary or secondary)

secondary lymph structures

which structure is involved in maturation of lymphocytes? (primary or secondary)

primary lymph structures

which structure is involved in immune response initiation? (primary or secondary)

secondary lymph structures

what helps protect against foreign substances?

tonsils

what is the strucure that increases tonsils exposure surface area?

crypts

where are the lingual tonsils located?

posterior 1/3 tongue

where are the pharyngeal tonsils located

posterior nasopharynx

where are the palatine tonsils located?

posterolateral oropharynx