Worm-like organ of cecum, immune & microflora function
Appendix
Lymphocytes maturing in bone marrow; antibodies
B cells
Lymphocytes mature in thymus; attack infected cells
T cells
Thymus gland lymphocytes replaced with fat (adipocytes) over time
Involution
the formation of blood cellular components
hematopoiesis
where is red bone marrow found?
in trabecular spaces of spongey bone
contains blood stem cells that can become red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets
red bone marrow
Interstitial fluid that has entered a lymphatic vessel lumen
Lymph
what is lymph made of?
water, dissolved solutes, small proteins
Carry lymph, overlapping endothelium, lacks a pump, blind ends
Lymphatic capillaries
what does the enlargement of lymphatic structures indicate?
tissue is actively fighting an infection
Drains lymph from the right head, arm, and thorax
Right lymphatic duct
Drains lymph from the left head, arm, trunk, both legs
Thoracic duct
Enlarged lumbar-region sac of the thoracic duct
Cisterna chyle
largest lymphatic vessels made from merged lymphatic trunks, convey lymph back into venous blood circulation
lymphatic ducts
Lymphocyte formation; thymus & red bone marrow
Primary lymphoid tissue
Houses lymphocytes; lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, provide site of immune response initiation
Secondary lymphoid tissue
has T cells only, no follicles, organ in mediastinum
thymus
Strands of the capsule extending down into tissue
Trabeculae
Lymph node region with cords and sinuses
Medulla
Outer lymph tissue, contains follicles with B cells
Cortex
Concave side of an organ where vessels enter and exit
Hilum
exit vessel in lymph node (1-2)
efferent lymph vessel
entry vessel in lymph node (many)
afferent lymph vessel
Where B cells mature in lymph nodes and the spleen, divides T cells and macrophages
Germinal centre
Hemicapsulated, posterior 1/3 of the tongue
Lingual tonsils
Hemicapsulated, posterolateral oropharynx
Palatine tonsils
Hemicapsulated, single, posterior nasopharynx
Pharyngeal tonsil
structure that helps protect against foreign substances inhaled or injested
tonsils
Diffuse lymphoid tissues in gut, lungs, genitals
MALT
Majority of the spleen, erythrolytic function
Red pulp
Clusters of lymphocytes in spleen, immune function
White pulp
Extravascular phagocytic monocytes
Macrophages
Round areas of lymph node cortex, germinal centres
Lymphoid follicle
Space between the capsule and cortex of lymph node
Subcapsular sinus
Endothelial flaps in lumen, prevents backflow and pooling
Valves
largest lymphatic organ
spleen
filter lymph and remove unwanted substance
lymph nodes
what is the correct flow of lymph? (4)
capillaries>vessels> trunks> ducts (remember it goes from smallest to largest!)
what areas of the body does the right lymphatic duct drain?
right side of head and neck, right thorax, and right upper limb
what areas of the body does the thoracic duct drain?
left head and neck, left thorax, left upper limb, abdomen, both lower limbs
what are the secondary lymph structures?
lymph nodes, spleen, Peyer's patches, MALT, adenoids, and tonsils.
what are the primary lymph structures?
thymus and red bone marrow
which structure is involved in formation of lymphocytes? (primary or secondary)
primary lymph structures
which structure is involved in housing lymphocytes? (primary or secondary)
secondary lymph structures
which structure is involved in maturation of lymphocytes? (primary or secondary)
primary lymph structures
which structure is involved in immune response initiation? (primary or secondary)
secondary lymph structures
what helps protect against foreign substances?
tonsils
what is the strucure that increases tonsils exposure surface area?
crypts
where are the lingual tonsils located?
posterior 1/3 tongue
where are the pharyngeal tonsils located
posterior nasopharynx
where are the palatine tonsils located?
posterolateral oropharynx