BIOL 1002 Pomarico Exam 1

Viruses are considered nonliving because

they depend on a host for replication

Which of the following traits allows some bacteria to survive extreme conditions for millions of years?

Endospore formation

______ is a more inclusive group than _______.

Kingdom; Class

During bacterial conjugation, the transferred item is a

Plasmid

Which name signifies a group of Archaeans which live in extremely saline environments?

Halophiles

The category that is always italicized and capitalized is

Genus

After the domain category was first introduced there were how many kingdoms?

6

Domain (or perhaps Kingdom) Bacteria can be subdivided into 2 separate groups based on the reaction with the Gram Stain. The difference in this reactive relates to a difference in the

Cell Wall Structure

The most recent phylogenetic data suggests that bacteria and archaea may be more closely related than archaea and eukarya

False

Most fungi are __________

Saprobes

The organisms in this image have shells made of (Quiz 2, Q2)

Silica

______ have beautiful glasslike shells

Diatoms

Which of the following is most associated with plant-like protists?

Grow in the photic zone

Which of the following is not a member of the Stramenopiles?

Euglena

The specialized reproductive structures of club fungi are called

Basidia

_________ are fungi that have mutualistic associations with the root hairs of various plant species

Mycorrhizae

Trypanosoma causes

Sleeping Sickness

Which of the following is a characteristic of the organism that causes Malaria?

Unicellular

One characteristic that taxonomists use to distinguish protists from fungi is the presence of a nucleus

False

Which of the following characteristics distinguishes red algae from diatoms and dinoflagellates?

One form multicellular colonies, whereas the others do not

Which of the following statements concerning club fungi is correct?

The spores are diploid

Which of the following divisions is not in the Kingdom Fungi?

Water Molds

A lichen consists of a fungus and a photosynthetic microorganism

True

Mysorrihazae associations are

Common, most species of plants form these associations

Organisms are grouped and arranged by the science of

Taxonomy

The branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life

Taxonomy

One of the earliest classification systems placed __________ in one group and ___________ in the other

Animals; Plants

The bacteria, fungi, and many protists were considered _______ while some of the protists were grouped as __________

Plants; Animals

The origins of taxonomy date back to _________________

Aristotle

Developed by Linnaeus in the 1700's

Binomoal Nomenclature

The lowest 2 categories of the taxonomic hierarchy that make up an organism's scientific name are

genus and species

The major taxonomic categories from most inclusive (biggest) to least inclusive (smallest) are

Domain

Kingdom

Phylum/Division

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

The field of biology that uses phylogeny to categorize the diversity of living organisms

Systematics

The perceived evolutionary history of an organism

Phylogeny

In 1969 Robert Whittaker proposed a replacement for the plants versus animals system that had as its largest grouping how many kingdoms?

5

What are the 5 kingdoms?

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Prokaryotic, Unicellular, Absorbtion/Photosynthesis (Name the Kingdom)

Monera

Eukaryotic, Unicellular, Absorbtion/Photosynthesis/ Ingestion (Name the Kingdom)

Protista

Eukaryotic, Multicellular, Absorption (Name the kingdom)

Fungi

Eukaryotic, Multicellular, Photosynthesis (Name the kingdom)

Plantae

Eukaryotic, Multicellular, Ingestion

Animalia

Grouping which contains organisms with different immediate ancestors

Polyohyletic

The 3 domains

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

What are the 2 prokaryotic domains?

Bacteria and Archaea

What is the only domain that is Eukaryotic?

Eukarya

What are the criteria used by biologists to group organisms?

Morphology

Anatomy

Developmental Stage

Cell Structure

Behavior

Lifecycle

Ecology

How is the species category conceptualized?

Biological Species Concept

Morphological Species Concept

Ecological Species Concept

Phylogenetic Species Concept

The species concept group that includes all the organisms which are (or have the potential for) interbreeding

Biological Species Concept

The species concept group that includes all the organisms which have the same shape and structure

Morphological Species Concept

The species concept that is defined in terms of its ecological role and is determined by the habitat occupied

Ecological Species Concept

The species concept that contains the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor sharing an evolutionary history

Phylogenetic Species Concept

The incredible number of species identified and the ways they all interact with each other form the basis of what?

Biodiversity

The bacterial cell wall is composed of ________________

Peptidoglycan

A complex of structural polysaccharides cross-linked by peptides

Peptidoglycan

Rod-shaped bacteria

Bacilli

Spherical-shaped bacteria

Cocci

Helical or corkscrew shaped bacteria

Spirilla

The peptidoglycan cell wall of bacteria can be stained by a specific stain known as a ___________________

Gram Stain

Gram _________ bacteria have the cell wall exposed to the environment

Positive

Gram _________ bacteria are not stained by the gram stain

Negative

About half the prokaryotic species are capable of motion using rotating ______________

Flagella

What are filaments that extend from the membrane of a cell and are used to cellular locomotion?

Flagella

In a heterogenous environment mobile bacteria demonstrate a behavior known as ________

Taxis

The orientation or movement of an organism either toward or away from a stimulus

Taxis

Movement toward the stimulus is called ________ taxis

Positive

Movement away from the stimulus is __________ taxis

Negative

The 3 main types of taxis seen in prokaryotes

Chemotaxis

Phototaxis

Magnetotaxis

Movement toward (food) or away from (toxic substance), a chemical stimulus

Chemotaxis

Movement toward or away from light (the stimulus)

Phototaxis

Movement toward or away from the Earth's magnetic field

Magnetotaxis

Surrounding the cell walls of some prokaryotes are either ____________ or ____________ _____________. Both of these structures are composed of polysaccharides and/or proteins

Capsules or Slime Layers

Highly organized structure that is firmly attached to the cell wall

Capsule

Much less organized structure and more loosely attached to the cell wall

Slime Layer

Hair-like structures on the surface of certain bacteria

Pili

Protective "resting" structures in which the bacterial chromosome is surrounded by a durable wall

Endospores

Salt-loving Archaea that inhabit the extremely salty Dead Sea and Great Salt Lake

Halophiles

Archaea that live in acidic hot springs or in the hot (105 degree C) water surrounding deep-sea volcanic vents

Thermophiles

Some prokaryotes grow using autotrophic methods and derive their energy from inorganic chemicals in a process called

Chemosysnthesis

Some autotrophic prokaryotes like _____________ obtain their energy from sunlight via photosynthesis

Cyanobacteria

Presence of oxygen

Aerobic

Absence of oxygen

Anaerobic

Prokaryotes use asexual reproduction in the form of __________________

Binary Fission

The transfer of genetic material (a plasmid) between 2 prokaryotes via a special sex pilus

Conjugation

A small double-stranded ring of DNA that carries extrachromosomal genes in some bacteria

Plasmid

Bacteria that is harmful to humans

Pathogenic

Some diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria

Gonorrhea

Syphillis

Tuberculosis

Lyme Disease

Because of the widespread use (and misuse) of antibiotics, some pathogenic bacteria have developed

antibiotic resistance

Groups of biological entities that are even smaller than prokaryotes

Viruses, Viroids, and Prions

The genetic information can be either DNA or RNA (part of a virus)

Genome

A protein coat that surrounds and protects the genome

Capsid

A membrane (phospholipid bilayer) that surrounds the capsid

Envelope

Bacteria that attacks a virus

Bacteriophage

Small fragments of ssRNA (either linear or circular) with no protein coat. Mainly plant pathogens that can infect citrus, potatoes, and other crop species

Viroids

Protein particles with NO GENETIC MATERIAL and improperly folded version of a natural protein

Prions

Past classifications of the protists organized them into 3 general groups based on nutritional methods

Plant-like protists (autotrophic, photosynthetic)

Fungus-like protists (heterotrophic, decomposers)

Animal-like protists (heterotrophic, hunters/symbiotic)

Photosynthetic eukaryotes at the base of most aquatic food webs

Phytoplankton or Algae

Heterotrophic protists which actively seek and ingest their food (either food particles or other organisms)

Protozoans

Protist

Move via flagella

Have a feeding groove

Heterotrophic and lack mitochondria

Excavates

Subgroup of the Excavates

Both free living and symbiotic species

Have 2 nuclei

Multiple flagella

Giardia is a member of this group (causes diarrhea from drinking untreated water)

Diplomonads

Excavate Subgroup

Anaerobic

All known species are symbiotic and some are parasitic

Trichomanas vaginalis (an STD member of this group)

Parabasalids