19th Century Philippines (Rizal's Life and Works)

Economy, Politics, Society

Main trade before 19th century?

Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade

Year Mexico gained independence (affecting trade)?

1821

Year Suez Canal opened?

1869

Effect of Suez Canal?

Faster travel, exposure to European liberal ideas

Examples of cash crops introduced?

Tobacco, sugarcane, cacao, coffee, abaca

Who benefited from cash crop economy?

Spaniards & Chinese mestizos

Who suffered in cash crop economy?

Indios (Filipino peasants)

Who are inquilinos?

Tenant farmers leasing land from friars/landowners

“Social Situations”

New rising class in 19th century?

Mestizos (often Chinese-Filipino)

Who remained exploited?

Indios (common Filipinos)

Who were the principalia?

Local elites serving as intermediaries with Spaniards

Top of social pyramid?

Peninsulares & Insulares (Spaniards)

“Political Situation”

Who was liberal governor-general in 1869?

Carlos Maria de la Torre

Who replaced him with harsher rule?

Rafael Izquierdo (1871)

Repressive event in 1872?

Cavite Mutiny

Leaders executed after Cavite Mutiny?

GomBurZa (Gómez, Burgos, Zamora)

Execution date of GomBurZa?

February 17, 1872

“Propaganda Movement”

Who led the Propaganda Movement?

Ilustrados (educated Filipinos abroad)

Main goals of Propaganda Movement?

Representation in Cortes, secularization, equality, public schools, abolition of forced labor

Outcome of Propaganda Movement?

Inspired nationalism, but repressed by Spain