Biology Electron Transport Chain, Photosystems, Glycolysis, Krebbs, Citric Acid Cycle, and meitosis

Complex 1

(pumps protons) receives NADH from the citric acid cycle which carries two electrons to here becoming NAD+, the electrons are then passed to cytochrome Q

prosthetic group

organic or inorganic nonpeptide molecules bound to a protein that facilitate its function

Electron Transport Chain

A string of electron transporters embedded in the inner mitochondrial matrix, consisting of 6 proteins that pass along electrons from NADH, FADH2, and then to oxygen, all while using this to pump hydrogen into the intermembrane space for chemiosmosis

Complex 2

(pumps protons) doesn't receive electrons from complex, but receives a separate FADH2 from the citric acid cycle, oxidizing and extracting its electrons, making it FAD

Cytochrome Q

(carries electrons) forms with FADH2 to take the electrons from complex 1 and 2, delivering it to complex 3

Complex 3

(pumps protons) passes its electrons to cytochrome C

Cytochrome C

(Carries electrons) transports electrons from complex 3 to complex 4

Complex 4

(pumps protons) holds an oxygen molecule very tightly which is then reduced by the two electrons passed, causing the oxygen to pick up two H+, making H2O.

ATP synthase

the protein which H+ ions pass through, spinning its turbine and causing it to make ADP+Pi to ATP

net yield of glycolysis

2 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate

first stage of glycolysis

investment phase (2 ATP)

second stage of glycolysis

energy payoff stage (4 but really 2 ATP, two NADH + H, 2 pyruvate)

main enzyme in glycolysis?

phosphofrutokinase

where do the products of glycolysis go?

Krebs cycle

oxidative phosphorylation

production of ATP using the process of chemiosmosis in the presence of oxygen

chemiosmosis

process in which there is a production of ATP in cellular metabolism by the involvement of a proton gradient across a membrane

MY definition of oxidative Phosphorylation

two substrates bound to an enzyme and one with oxygen in its compound in which one of them trades their phosphate group to the other

Krebs Cycle

a series of enzyme catalyzed chemical reactions of central importance in all aerobic living cells for extraction of energy from carbs

Calvin Cycle

light-independent reactions of photosynthesis that convert carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into carbohydrates using the energy and reducing power of ATP and NADPH

Energy Carriers between Light-dependent Reactions and Light independent Reactions

ATP + NADPH/ADP +Pi + NADP+

Product of the calvin cycle

Sugar/GA3P

photo system

group of proteins, chlorophyll, and other pigments that are used in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis to absorb light energy and convert it into chemical energy

What is the initial energy source for the Photosystems? (chloroplast electron chain)

Water (H2O)

light-dependent reactions

first stage of photosynthesis where certain wavelengths of the visible light are absorbed to form two energy-carrying molecules (ATP and NADPH)

what are the products of the krebs cycle?

1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 2 CO2/ 1 GTP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 2 CO2

Protein complex 1 is also known as

ubiquinone

what are the products of the krebs cycles used for?

ETC and oxidative phosphorylation in the inner mitochondrial membrane

Prophase

Chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms

prometaphase

Chromosomes condense, kinectochores appear, mitotic spindle attaches, centrosomes start moving to poles

kinectochores

the place where spindles grab onto on the chromosome

metaphase

Chromosomes form a plate in the middle of the cell with spindles grabbing on

anaphase

chromosomes separate into sister chromatids

Telophase

chromosomes arrive at opposite poles, decondensing with a new nuclear envelope material appearing. Mitotic spindle starts breaking down

Cytokinesis

Cells begin to separate completely, closing off their cytoplasm from one another

G1 phase

cell growth

S phase

DNA synthesis

interphase

cell growth

What are G1 G2 and S phase subparts of?

Interphase

Cyclins and CDKs

regulatory proteins involved in cell cycle control

Not enough Cyclin?

cant proceed through the checkpoints :(

Cofactors

inorganic ion such as iron required for optimal enzyme activity regulation

coenzyme

small organic molecule, such as a vitamin or its derivative, which is required to enhance an enzyme's activity

CDK

an enzyme that attaches phosphate groups to other proteins

Electron Transport Chain

the extraction of energy from high-energy electrons remaining from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle