Metamorphic Rocks and Plate Tectonics Test Study Guide

Heat

contact with or near magma

Pressure

deep in earth, minerals to change or align especially when plate tectonics forces plates upward

Hydrothermal

steam and heat from liquids

Contact

contact with or proximity to an igneous intrusion

Regional

occurs over broad areas of the crust

Foliated

layers and banding

Non-Foliated

do not have layers and banding

Parent Rock

the original rock from which younger rock or soil is formed (usually igneous or sedimentary, but can be metamorphic)

Daughter rock

the new metamorphic rock formed (always metamorphic)

Deformation

changing in shape or distorting, especially through the application of pressure

Stress

pressure applied to a rock

Fold

bend or curve in rock layers

Fault

break in Earth’s crust caused by tectonic movement

Types of stress

tension, compression, shearing

Tension

pulling apart

Compression

pushing together

Shearing

sliding past each other

Anticline

up fold

Syncline

down fold

Fault

active faults near plate boundaries, earthquakes result when movement occurs along a fault

Normal Fault

rock above fault plane moves down

Reverse Fault

rock above fault plane moves up

Strike-Slip Fault

movement is horizontal

Earthquake

shaking of Earth’s crust caused by the release of energy when two plates move

Focus

the place in Earth where the earthquake occurs

Epicenter

the place on the surface directly above the focus

Seismic Waves

an elastic wave in the earth produced by an earthquake or other means

Primary (P) Waves

first to leave focus; can travel in solids and liquids, back-and-forth motion

Secondary (S) Waves

second to leave focus; only travels through solids, side-to-side motion

Surface/Body (L) Waves

last to leave focus; only travels through solids, causes crust to ripple like waves on a ocean (most destructive)

Tsunami

seismic sea wave

Seismograph

instruments used to record earthquakes

Seismogram

record produced on paper or computer of the earthquake

Richter (measuring intensity)

oldest; measures amplitude of largest wave; not very accurate

Moment Magnitude (measuring intensity)

newer, more accurate; measures movement of the plate and damage to the area

Triangulation

3 seismograph stations required to locate an earthquake, calculates time o P and S waves arrival and distance

Time-travel graph is used for what?

finding the distance from the epicenter

Earthquake waves can be used to determine what for the Earth’s interior?

composition and thickness (earthquake waves also help learn about the interior)