HIST 121 (1st - 3rd week)

Southwest of asia

Where is the peninsula located?

11,500 sq km

How much area does Qatar cover?

185 km long and 55-85 km wide

How long and wide is qatar?

Niebuhr

Which danish traveller in 1759 noted that Qatar had 3 villages?

Inhabited zone

• extends along the eastern coast from mesaieed in the south to al Ruwais in the north

• Contains atleats 95% of qatar’s population

• Doha alone houses 45% of the population

Halul island

• located 100km northeast of doha

• Historical hub for pearl divers and a resting station for fishermen, providing refuge during harsh weather

• After oil, the government transformed it into a port for shipping exploration and drilling equipment

• It has a facility for collecting and storing oil from offshore fields

• Houses qatars most important naval base

• A wildlife reserve, home to many species of birds, fish and turtles

Al-ashat island

• between Doha and Khawr al udayd

• known for its rich pearl diving sites and fishing grounds

al-bashiria island

• located east of mesaieed port and near al-ashat island

safliya island

• its the closest to doha, located 7km away

• it extends from east to west

al-aaliya island

• larger and higher than safliya island

• situated approx. 5km north and lies opposite jubailat area on the eastern coast

rakan island

• located opposite of al ruwais village

• ships often navigate to this island en route to and from qatar

• know for receiving the highest rainfall in qatar

abu al-bark island

• situated opposite ras abu al-bark

• consists of a group of interlinked small islands

doha

• the capital city

• qatar’s largest urban center and a crucial commercial hub

• one of the oldest in qatar, established in 1950s

• historically, al buainain tribe contributed to founding this

• is divided into 9 neighborhoods (historically)

al wakrah

• the second most important city after doha

• located on the eastern coast

• home to the al buainain tribe and other groups

al zubara

• archaeological city northern qatar

• famous for its historical fort

• significant in the first half of the 20th century for its pearl trade

• center for the al utub tribes and their trade

al khor

• situated about 57 km north of doha

• coastal city with a harbour for fishing boats and small ships

mesaieed

• important industrial city

madinat ash shamal

• modern city

• built to serve as an administrative centre for coastal villages in the far north

dukhan

• located on the western coast

• known for its oil fields

ras laffan

• second industrial city after mesaieed

• from where natural gas is exported through its massive port

source

• contains first hand or primary historical material for research

• ex. artifacts, manuscripts, documents, letter, diaries, etc

reference

• builds its scientific material by analyzing, criticizing, or summarizing sources

• usually written by historians who are temporally distant from the events

philby’s surveys in 1931

• first prehistoric archeological discovery in qatar

• made by john philby

• surveys he conducted found a number of stone tools made from flint and fossils near the iskaq oasis

• artifacts dated back to miocene epoch

danish archaeological expedition

• 1960-1964

• under the supervision of holger kapel

• uncovered 40 archaeological sites in qatar with cultural evidence ranging paleolithic to neolithic periods

• an additional 68 sites was discoverd believed to date back to paleolithic era

• in 1967, kapel published “atlas of stone age cultures in qatar“ summarizing the finds

• he categorized them into 4 population groups, each with its own corresponding historical period and cultural trait, from 8000 BC to 2000 BC

• artifacts such as scrapers, blades, stone hammers, knives and marble mills were found

british excavation discoveries

• 1973

• led by D. Carty

• discovered archaeological remains at the site of Ras Abrouq

• found thatAbrouq dates back 5000 BC

• they found stone tools, charred materials, fish bones, seashells, and gazelled bones

• they concluded that the site relied on marine and terrestrial hunting

• they also said they maintained connections with other Gulf regions through migration and trade

• also conducted excavations at Al- Dhassah site, where they found stone tools and pottery shards from Ubaid culture

french excavation discoveries

• led by Texier

• carried out extensive excavations

• uncovering additional artifacts from the the first group by Kapel

• he confirmed D. Carty’s theory ,the cultural remnants, that date back 5000 BC

• they concluded that these remains are similar to those found in other Gulf regions

Post independence excavations

• Revealed direct connections between Qatar and mesopotamia, the indus valley and india

• This highlighted qatar’s role in the culture and civilization of the Gulf

• Served as a link between the Dilmun civilization, the Magan civilization in Oman and Sumerian civilization

Bilad Al-Bahrain

• Before the advent of Islam, Qatar was part of this region

• Extended from Basra to the coasts of Oman by sea

• This region was under the rule of the arab Lakhmids

Mundhir ibn Sawa Al-Tamimi

• governed Bahrain on behalf of the Sassanid Kings in Persia

• He responded to the islamic call and began encouraging people to embrace islam

Al-Ala Al-Hadrami

• In the 8th year of Hijra, he was sent by Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) to the ruler of Bahrain

• Invited Mundhir ibn Sawa Al-Tamimi to embrace Islam

• He led the naval fleet to transport the islamic army for jihad

Abdullah ibn Ali Al-Ayyuni

• he managed to eliminate the Qamartian rule that continued for 2 CENTURIES (with the help of Abbasid Caliphate)

• He established his state, which was know as Al-Ayuni or Al Ayuniya state

Al-Qitriya

• the Qatari Textiles

• Gained wide fame and were highly sought after due to their high quality, distinctive colors and soft textures

• It was reported that the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) wore a Q atari garment

primary source

• gives you firsthand evidence or data created at the time of an event by someone who was actually there

• ex. diaries, letters, speeches, artifacts, etc.

secondary sources

• they take the primary sources and analyze, evaluate or explain them

• ex. history books, biographies, journal articles, etc.

tertiary sources

• pull from both primary and secondary sources to compile a general summary

• ex. encyclopedia, dictionaries, almanacs, etc.

560 km

how far does the coastline of Qatar extend?

60 km

how long does the land borders of Qatar extend?

flat, rocky and sandy plain

how would you describe the terrain of qatar?

high temperatures and high humidity

how would you describe the climate of qatar throughout the year?

umayyad caliphs

• (41-132 AH/661-750 CE)

• paid special attention to the Gulf coast since Qatar was known for its prominent commercial status

• trade routes during this time played a role in continuing islamic conquests

• served as sources of military and food supplies for conquerors

abbasid caliphs

• (132-656 AH/749-1258 CE)

• showed special interest in trade with countires of the far east

• flourishing their trade relations with india and china

• this lead to general prosperity and economic revival in the gulf region

UAE

which country borders qatar to the East?

saudi arabia

which country borders Qatar to the south and west?

Bahrain

which country borders Qatar to the west?

saudi arabia

which country is Qatar connected to by land?

1872, 10,0000

• in ______ there was a population of _______

• this was the first population estimate after Qatar came under the Ottoman rule
  
  

1907, 27,000

• in _____ there was a population of _______

• this is the british goverment estimate in the gulf and about 6,000 were foreigners

1930, 30,000

• in ______ there was a population of _______

• there was a slight increase due to the declining demand for natural pearls following the emergence of cultured pearls

1949, 20,000

• in _____ there was a population of ______

• the population declind due to migration to oil-producing Gulf countries

documents

• are official and non-official documents issued by governmental or private institutions, available as papers, manuscripts, or writings useful for the writing of QH

• ex. Saldanha’s The Qatar Affairs 1873-1904 and Lorimer’s The Gulf Guide

books by travelers and explorers

• include books and works written by travelers who reached the arabian peninsula and the arabian gulf for scientific, political or economic reasons

• the authors were eyewitness to the events they described

• ex. Ahmed bin Majid’s Three Flowers in Knowing the Seas and Bertram Thomas’s Journey by Camel Across the Empty Quarter 1931

Periodicals

• include all publications issued periodically, such as newspapers, magazines, yearbooks, supplements and encyclopedias

the official gazette

• issued in 1961

• marking the start of Qatar’s relationship with periodicals

• an important record for researchers especially on topics related to political administration, legislation and economic growth

Al Dohah magazine

• issue in 1969

• rich in its cultural and intellectual follow ups on Qatari society

• offering valuable material for researchers in social and cultural history

gulf times

• issued in 1978

• the first english language newspaper in Qatar

Al raya newspaper

• issue in 1979

• initially weekly publications before becoming daily

folk heritage

• it ecompasses stories, poems, proverbs, and songs about the sea or the desert

• reflect different social aspects of Qatari life, portraying the characteristics and features of Qatari personality

• ex. Yusuf Al-Khulaifi’s The Elegant Gift in Qatari Etiquette and Customs and Proverbs in the Qatari Environment

contemporary books

• written by individuals about events and eras they lived through

• not always considered complete scientific works but still provide valuable insights

• ex. Mustafa Al-Dabbagh’s Qatar: Its Past and Present in 1961, Mohammed Sharif Al-Shaibani’s The Emirate of Qatar: Past and Present in 1962 and Charles Belgrave’s Pirate Coast in 1960

katara

• this was what was written in Ptolemy’s Map of Arabia in 150 AD

• it had nearby islands included in the wider historical land of Bahrain

qarmatian movement

• late 3rd Century AH

• Opposed Abbasid rule and spread thorugh eastern arabia, bahrain and al-ahsa

• its rise disrupted commerce

• their rule lasted for 2 centuries

1498, Vasco Da Gama

• in _____ a man named ______ utilized geographical information found in writings of Ahmad ibn Majid to reach the Cape of Good Hope which paved the way to India

• Portugal then sougth to control sea entrances and divert Arab and muslim trade

1505

• in _____ Portugal reached the indian coasts and suceeded in establishing a government in Goa

• portuges interest in the arabian gulf began

1506

• in _____ Portugal sent Afonso de Albuquerque to reinforce its eastern presences

• their goal was to close off trade routes used by arabs and muslims

1507

• Portugese forces took Socotra near the southern Red Sea where they also built a military garrison

• they attempted to seize Bab al-Mandeb and Aden but failed due to significant arab resistance

• the red sea was appealing to Portugal because of its proximity to the holy sites

later in 1507

• Albuquerque moved to control the arabian gulf by seizing Hormuz

• the portugese also captured Ras al-Hadd, Qalhat, Muscat and Sohar eventually reaching Hormuz whos ruler submitted to portugese

1521

• the portuges occupied bahrain which was rich in pearl diving sites despite resistence from its ruler Muqrin Ibn Zamil Al Jabri

• they built a strong fort there

1515

• following the Persian defeat at Chaldiran in 1514, Shah Ismail I and Albuquerque made the Hormuz agreement in ______

• their common opponent was the Ottoman Empire

1505

• in _____, Egyptian Sultan Qansuh al-Ghuri sent a naval expedition led by Hussein al-Kurdi

1509

• in ______ The Mamluk fleet reached the island of Diu and engaged the portugese fleet commanded by Lorenze de Almeida

• the battle resulted in a portugese victory over the mamluk fleet