Socrates and Callicles: Ethics, Power, and Virtue in Classical Philosophy

What does Socrates argue about Oratory?

Socrates claims that Oratory is not an art (techne) but a knack, developed by experience and not teachable or rational.

What is the primary concern of Oratory according to Socrates?

It is concerned with the satisfaction of pleasure rather than the pursuit of truth.

What does Socrates say about the real power of Orators?

Even if Orators can persuade and control people, they do not possess real power, which is defined as doing what one truly wants.

How does Socrates view Sophists in relation to wisdom and power?

Socrates views Sophists as unwise because they do not know what they truly want, thus they lack real power.

What is Socrates' stance on the nature of evil?

Socrates argues that doing evil is worse than having evil done to you, as those who do evil are made unhappy.

What analogy does Socrates use to describe punishment?

He compares punishment to medicine for the soul, suggesting it cures wickedness.

What does Socrates believe about the soul compared to the body?

He argues that the soul is more important than the body, and evils affecting the soul are worse than those affecting the body.

What is Callicles' argument regarding power and morality?

Callicles argues that 'might makes right,' suggesting that the powerful are morally superior.

How does Socrates challenge Callicles' view of 'might makes right'?

Socrates points out contradictions, arguing that if the majority believes in morality, then morality must be right.

What imagery does Socrates use to critique the pursuit of pleasure?

He uses the imagery of a bucket with holes to illustrate the futility of constantly needing to fulfill appetites.

What is the difference between pleasure and goodness according to Socrates?

Socrates argues that pleasure and goodness cannot be the same, as good and evil cannot coexist in the same place, while pleasure and pain can.

What does Socrates claim should be the main aim of politicians?

The main aim of politicians should be to make their citizens 'good.'

What qualities define a good person in Socratic philosophy?

A good person possesses discipline, self-control, moderation, justice, reverence, and bravery.

What does Socrates suggest Callicles focus on instead of power?

Socrates suggests Callicles should focus on gaining skills that will improve his life.

How does Socrates evaluate politicians?

He uses the 'judging a tree by its fruit' approach, assessing whether they have made people better.

What does Socrates argue about the role of teachers of virtue?

He claims that teachers of virtue, including politicians, are to blame for citizens turning against them due to a lack of virtue.

What is Socrates' final argument regarding goodness?

Socrates emphasizes that actual goodness should be pursued over the mere appearance of goodness.