Exercise Phys Final

What nerve fiber conducts information towards the CNS?

Afferent

damage to the cerebrum will result in tumors that are more severe during rapid movements?

false

1 multiple choice option

what proprioceptor is responsible for protecting against over-stretch

muscle spindles

an action potential occurs when a stimulus of sufficient strength depolarizes the neuron

true

1 multiple choice option

Lower ratio of muscle fibers per motor neuron will facilitate more precise motor control

true

1 multiple choice option

at rest, potassium has a greater ion concentration inside the cell when compared to outside the cell

true

1 multiple choice option

what structures allow for an increased speed of transmission down the axon?

Schwann cells

what property of the skeletal muscle is most sensitive to change in carbon dioxide?

chemoreceptors

if EPSP and IPSP is equal, an action potential will not be generated

true

1 multiple choice option

repolarization causes ________ channels to open and depolarization causes _________ channels to open

Potassium, sodium

oxygen deficit

lag in oxygen consumption at the beginning of exercise

what T cells primarily attack virus-containing cells

killer T cells

the bioenergetic pathway that first provides ATP for skeletal muscle at the onset of exercise is

ATP-CP system

what is the innate immune system comprised of?

physical barrier, cellular components and complement proteins

The lactate threshold is defined as the work rate or oxygen uptake at which there is a systematic

rise in blood levels of lactic acid

Aerobic reactions require oxygen and typically occur in the cytoplasm

false

1 multiple choice option

a client with increased levels of enzyme creatine kinase in their blood may be associated with

muscular dystrophy

exercise should be avoided when cold symptoms

include a fever

enzyme responsible for rearrangement of the structure of molecules within their substrate molecules

isomerases

what immune cells are classified as lukeocytes?

neutrophils

exercise intensity is classified into several categories based on the effort required to perform the exercise. the lowest exercise intensity categories easy to perform and involves

exercise below the lactate threshold (<60% VO2 max)

what exercise intensity promotes the highest amount of fat oxidation during exercise?

60% of VO2 max

where does energy for a 40 yrd dash come from?

almost exclusively from the ATP-CP system

where does the energy to perform long-term submaximal exercise (>30 mins) come from?

aerobic metabolism

energy to run a maximal effort 400-meter race (50-60secs) comes from

combination of aerobic/anaerobic metabolism with most ATP coming from anaerobic

Activator for the electron transport chain pathway

ADP

All energy on the earth is from the sun and has the potential to be used in the form of

Chemical, mechanical and electrical energy

removal of lactate following a bout of intense exercise is

more rapid if the subject performs light exercise (-30% VO2 max) compared to rest

the carbohydrate fuel source that becomes most important after 3 hours of moderate intensity exercise is

blood glucose

immunosenescence is a decreased immune function in

elderly

how effective is oxidative phosphorylation as a system of converting energy from food into usable energy?

34%

endergonic reactions require energy input while exergonic reactions express energy output

true

1 multiple choice option

people infected with SARS-Cov 2, the virus that causes Covid-19 have better clinical outcomes if they are

physically active

why is there a rise in blood lactate at the lactate threshold?

there is an "increased rate of lactate production" and a "decreased rate of removal of lactic acid from the blood"

what is the primary standard to determine if a subject has reached "true" VO2 max during exercise?

a plateau in oxygen uptake with increase in work rate

A J shaped model exists to explain the relationship between varying amounts of exercise and the risk of upper respiratory tract infections. this curve shows?

lowest individual that engages in regular bouts of moderate exercise

lowing the activation energy results from structural characteristics changes with the "induced fit model" of enzymes

true

1 multiple choice option

in a healthy individual consuming a nutritionally balanced diet, most of the carbs used as a substrate during very heavy exercise comes from

muscle glycogen stores

ATP production during exercise

during severe, short duration exercise (10 secs), muscle ATP production is dominated by ATP-PC system

VO2 max is determined by

"Maximum ability of the cardiovascular system to deliver arterial blood to the contracting muscles" and "ability of the muscle to take up and use oxygen to produce ATP"

During the "rapid" portion of the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), the excess VO2 is due to

restoration of muscle CP and replacement of blood and muscle oxygen stores

total ATP yielded for aerobic degradation of glycogen is 32 ATP and 33 for glucose

false

1 multiple choice option

anaerobic reactions do not require oxygen and assist in energy production when transitioning from rest to exercise

true

1 multiple choice option

which of the following is true concerning VO2 max?

it is a valid measure of cardiovascular fitness

immunity

all of the mechanisms used in the body to protect against foreign agents

any factor that increases the amino acid pool in the muscle can enhance protein metabolism during exercise. What factor increases amino acid pool in the muscle?

prolonged exercise (> 2 hours)

first line of defense to protect the body against foreign invaders is

physical barriers

what are some postulated theories that may explain why healthy people that exercise regularly are protected against viruses?

regular exercise training bolsters immune response following vaccination, help mobilize virus neutralizing antibodies from the lymph system, promote monocyte differentiation

what causes the shift from fat to carbs as exercise intensity increases?

increase in circulating levels of epinephrine

EPOC is higher following heavy exercise compared to light/moderate exercise because heavy exercise induces

greater body heat gained, greater CP depleted, higher blood levels of E and NE and higher blood lactate levels

Oxygen is the final acceptor in the electron transport chain

true

1 multiple choice option

which population of mitochondria is responsible for providing energy to sustain muscle contractions

intermyofibrillar

The primary fuel source during high-intensity (85% VO2 max) exercise is

muscle glycogen

breakdown of glucose into carbon dioxide and water via cellular oxidation in an example of an endergonic reaction

false

1 multiple choice option

30-min bout of moderate intensity exercise....

does not have a negative impact on the function of key cells involved in immune function

very heavy exercises lasting 60 secs utilizes energy production that is

70% anaerobic/30% aerobic

the highest exercise intensity category is challenging to perform and involves

exercise above 100% VO2 max

conversion of food into usable energy required by all cells is known as:

bioengenertics

a progressive increase in the reliance of carbohydrate metabolism in exercising skeletal muscles is described as

crossover concept

exercised trained individuals have a lower oxygen deficit due to:

a better developed aerobic bioenergetic capacity

chronic, low grade inflammation has been linked to an increased risk of

heart disease, cancer, diabetes

an important function of the acquired immune system is to assist the body in

recognizing and remembering specific pathogens (to protect against infection) and mounting stronger attacks each time a repeating pathogen is encountered

primary fuel source during prolonged (>120 minutes), moderate intensity (40% VO2 max) is

Plasma FFA

which cell structures is responsible for regulating the passage of substance out of the cell

cell membrane

which of the following immune cells are a component of the innate immune system

natural killer cells

glycolysis is used to transfer energy from glucose to synthesize ATP by rejoining Pi and ADP

true

1 multiple choice option

carbs used as a fuel source during exercise comes from blood glucose and muscle glycogen. How does this function vary?

exercise intensity and exercise duration

during acute inflammation, vasodilation results in

edema, swelling and increased blood flow to damaged tissues

What type of enzymes act as catalysts increase speed of reactions

proteins

most important energy carrying molecules in the cell

ATP

what increases whole body oxygen consumption during recovery from exercise and increases EPOC

prolonged bout of heavy cardio, high blood levels of hormones (E), elevated body temp

what are the four classes of intensity for exercise?

moderate, heavy, very heavy and severe.

What is not an example of a fat

monosaccharides

if oxygen is not available for energy production, what can be derived from pyruvate with LDH to support

lactate

enzymes work to increase product formation by increasing the energy of activation

false

1 multiple choice option

The process of breaking down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol is called

lipolysis

in Glycolysis, there is an energy investment phase that requires how much ATP

2

which of the following exercise intensities would rely primarily on carbs as a fuel source?

90%

A respiratory quotient of 0.95 during steady state exercise is suggestive of

high rate of carbohydrate metabolism

In regards to the KREBS cycle, generation of 3 NADH, 1 FADH and 1 ATP are produced per cycle

True

1 multiple choice option

The cardiovascular control center is located in the

medulla oblongata

the most important variable that determines resistance to blood flow

diameter of a blood vessel

Order of events pertaining to the contraction of the left ventricle

bundle branches depolarize, ventricle contracts, ventricular pressure increases, and blood exits the ventricle

arterial-venous oxygen difference

increases as a function of exercise intensity

increase in mean arterial blood pressure that occurs during dynamic (isotonic) incremental exercise is due to

increase in systolic blood pressure

for a muscle to relax, Ap's must be sent through the neuromuscular junction

false

1 multiple choice option

muscle atrophy can not be reversed and is a major factor in supporting the need to work out consistently when you are young

false

1 multiple choice option

in the sarcomere, the __________ makes up the dark portion and the ________ makes up the light portion

A band, I band

with resistance training you can expect to see and increase in glycolytic capacity

true

1 multiple choice option

an eccentric contraction is characterized by a greater force of resistance against a lengthening muscle

true

1 multiple choice option

Increase in visceral fat can increase the risk of disease by

promoting chronic systemic inflammation, promoting the release of cytokines into the blood, triggering abnormal cell signaling and radical production

Several mechanisms contribute to the resistance training-induced reduction in the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Which of the following is NOT a mechanism for this protection?

increased insulin release from pancreas

Several mechanisms contribute to the exercise-induced reduced risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. Which of the following is NOT a mechanism for this protection?

increased volume of cerebral spinal fluid

Performing regular aerobic physical activity can reduce your risk of cancer by which of the following mechanisms?

promoting natural killer cell and T cell infiltration into tumors resulting in slowed tumor growth, improving immune function, reducing metastasis

which of the following statements about resistance training and health is true

combining resistance training with aerobic training resulting in an additive protection against all-cause mortality and resistance training reduces the risk of all cause mortality

Performance of regular aerobic exercise can protect the heart against the damage that occurs during a heart attack. Which of the following is NOT a mechanism responsible for this protection?

increased volume of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Aerobic physical activity can lower arterial blood pressure via several physiological mechanisms. Which of the following is NOT one of these mechanisms?

decreased venous return resulting in lower stroke volumes

resistance training reduces the risk of cancer by

reducing inflammation and improved immune function

Resistance training reduces the risk of all-cause mortality by lowering the risk of death from A.

type two diabetes and cancer

The metabolic syndrome is an umbrella term that includes several risk factors for coronary heart disease including

abdominal obesity, type 2 diabetes and hypertension