Unit 1

Anatomy

The study of the structure of the body.

Physiology

The study of the function of the body. Explains how each system works together

Form-Follows-Function

The way something is shaped is based on what function it has to do

Anatomical position

Person standing erect, Palms facing forward, arms at the side

Midline

Line that splits body in equal left and right halves

Trunk

Chest and abdomen

Anterior

Front of the body

Posterior

back of the body

Ipsilateral

On same side of the body

Contralateral

On different sides of the body

Medial

closer from the midline

Lateral

Farther to the midline

Superficial

Near the surface

Deep

More internal in the body

Proximal

Closer in relationship to the center/trunk

Distal

Farther in relationship from the trunk/center

Superior

Above another part

Inferior

Below another part

Cephalic

Head

Frontal

forhead

Orbital

eye cavity

Nasal

nose

Oral

Mouth

Cervical

Neck

Mental

Chin

Acromial

point of shoulder

Sternal

front of chest

Pectoral

Chest

Axillary

armpit

Brachial

arm

Umbilical

Navel, bellybutton

Inguinal

grion

Coxal

hip

Carpal

wrist

Palmar

wrist

Digital

Finger or toe

Genital

reproductive organs

patellar

Front of knee

Tarsal

instep

Occipital

Back of head

Vertebral

Spinal column

Lumbar

lower back

Sacral

Between hips

Gluteal

buttocks

Femoral

thigh

popliteral

Back of knee

Plantar

sole, bottom of food

Levels of organization

Atom, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms

Atom

Smallest unit of life

Molecules

Atoms bound together. Macromolecules are a combination of Molecules

Organelles

Macromolecules that make up a cell

Cells

Made up of organelles, Basic unit of structure/function

Tissue

Group of cells that have a common function, connective tissue

Organs

Group of different tissues, complex structure with specialized functions.

Organ systems

Group of organs that function closely together.

Organism

Largest unit of life, made up of interacting organ system

Integumentary system

 Protects underlying tissues, helps regulate body temperature, houses certain receptors, and synthesizes products. Some structures are skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands

Skeletal system

provides framework, protection, and serves as attachments for muscle movement . Some structures are bones, ligaments, and cartilages

Muscular system

Movement, Helps maintain posture, primary source of heat. Structures are muscle.

Nervous system

nerve impulses which lead to communication between the body, brain to body, respond to stimuli. Some structures are brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs

Endocrine system

 To effect metabolism of target cells. All the structures are all glands that secrete chemical messengers(Hormones). 

Cardiovascular system

 Pump blood throughout the body, transport gases, nutrients, hormones, waste. Some structures are heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, and blood. 

Lymphatic system

 Defends the body against infections by removing pathogens. Includes lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, thymus glands, and spleen.

Digestive system

Receives foods, breaks them down into simpler forms so our body can use it. Some structures are mouth, tongue,teeth, salivary glands, pharynx esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, intestines.

Respritatory system

Takes air in and out, exchanges gases. Includes nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, bronchi.

Excretory system

Removes waste, maintains body’s water and electrolyte balance. Includes kidneys, uterus, urinary bladder, urethra.

Reproductive system

Produce offspring. Includes different male and female structures. 

Cavities

Spaces in the human body

Viscera

Organs within cavities

Axial portion

Head,neck,trunk

Appendicular portions

upper and lower limbs

Dorsal (back side cavity )splits into..

Crainal and Vertebro

Crainal

Houses brain

Vertebro

Houses spinal cord and vertebral column

Ventral splits into..

Thoracic and Abdominopelvic

Thoracic

Lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland

Diaphragm

Muscle that separates Thoracic and Abdominopelvic

Abdominopelvic splits into..

Abdominal and Pelvic

Abdominal

Houses stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, and small and long intenstine

Pelvic

Contains long intestine, urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs

Other cavities

Oral, Nasal, Orbital, Middle Ear, Sinus

Body planes

Help us name body parts, MRI and X-rays take pictures of these planes, Analyze movement in these planes

Sagittal

Imaginary line that separates body into right and left halves. MIDsagittal is when they are equal right and left halves. Movement can be walking

Transverse

Imaginary line that splits body in top and bottom halves. Movements can be rotating and twisting

Coronal

Imaginary line that splits body into anterior and posterior halves. Movements can be moving arms/ legs side to side like a windshield wiper. Pretend there are two walls pushing against you.

Homeostasis

Maintenance of a constant internal environment in the human body. WIth 70 trillion cells in the body

Extracellular fluid

The fluid outside the cells also called interstitial fluid. This fluid protects our cells from external changes. So this fluid is the body’s internal environment

Homeostatic mechanisms

The body maintains homeostasis through a number of self regulating control mechanisms. They are called negative and positive feedback system

Receptors

Provide information to the body about stimuli (conditions occurring to the body)

Control Center

Tells a particular value that the body should be. Has a set point

Effectors

Cause responses that alter conditions in the internal environment. Includes muscles and glands

Set point

When body is in stable condition

Negative feedback

This is when body is taken away from set point. When body gets taken away it wants to back

Positive feedback

When body goes AWAY from normal state. It needs to occur to keep body’s internal environment. It also happens less often in the body because body does not usually want to go away from normal point