A&P Lab quiz 1

nasal

nose

oral

mouth

cervical

neck

frontal

forehead

orbital

eye

buccal

cheek

mental

chin

acromial

shoulder

axillary

armpit pe

coxal

hip

inguinal

groin

pubic

mons pubis

brachial

arm

cubital

elbow

antebrachial

forearm

carpal

wrist

manual

hand

digital

fingers

femoral

thigh

patellar

anterior knee

crural

leg

pedal

foot

tarsal

ankle

dorsum

back of hand

popliteal

posterior knee

calcaneal

heal

superior

toward head end

anterior

toward front of body

posterior

toward back of body

medial

toward midline

sacral

tailbone

lumbar

lower back c

pectoral

chest anterior

lateral

away from midline

proximal

closer to origin of body part di

distal

farther awya from origin of a body part

epithelial tissue

• closely packed cells w few matrix

• avascular

• free surface & basal surface

• high mitotic rate

  • cover organs and line cavities within organs, blood vessels, respiratory and digestive tract

simple squamous

single layer of squamous epithelial tissue cells

• ex) glomeruli, alveoli, blood vessels

simple cuboidal

single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells:

ex) kidney tubules, ducts of glands, ovary surface

simple columnar

single layer of columnar cells

• some have goblet (mucus) and some have cilia

• digestive tract

pseudostratified columnar

simple columnar epithelium with different heights

• some have goblet cells/ cilia

• ex) trachea

transitional epithelium

stratified squamous epithelium modified for stretching

• superficial cells are rounded

• ex) ureters, bladder, urethra

stratified squamous

many layers of squamous epithelium cells

• lining where abrasion occurs

• ex) skin, mouth, vagina

connective tissue

most abundant and widely distributed tissue

• mostly matrix

• reinforced with fibers (proteins)

  • collagen

  • reticular

  • elastic

areolar (loose) tissue

most common type of connective tissue

• composed of fibroblasts

• matrix xemi-fluid

• ex) under epithelial of body

adipose tissue

connective tissue made of adipocytes (fibroblasts filed with fat)

• ex) under skin, breasts

reticular tissue

connective tissue matrix filled with dense network of reticular fibers

• lymphoid organs

dense fibrous connective tissue

connective tissue containing few fibroblasts

• matrix filled w collagen fibers

• ex) tendons, ligaments, aponeurosis

G1

interphase stage where

• cell grows

• normal function

• replicates centrioles and increase in size

synthesis phase

interphase - replicates DNA

G2

interphase where replication of centrioles is completed

• cell continues increasing

prophase

mitosis

• DNA condenses

• nuclear membrane disintegrates

• centrioles migrate to opposite ends

• spindle fibers attatch to centromeres

anaphase

aspindle fibers pull half of chromatids apart

telophase

nuclear envelope forms at the end of mitosis

• fibers disintegrate

• chromosomes deocondenses

cytokinesis

membrane forms a cleavage furrow which deepens until separates in 2 daughter cells

passive transport

membrane transport

• no use of energy

• substances diffuse down concentration gradient

• ex. diffusion and osmosis

simple diffusion

small hydrophobic lipid soluble pass easily through diffusion

osmosis

diffusion of water across selectively permeable membrane from lower solute to higher solute

hypertonic

solute greater outside of cell

cell shrinks

hypotonic

solute concentration greater inside cell

cell swells/ bursts

osmoregulation

control of water balance

stratum basale

first and single layer of epidermis

• melanocytes

• basal cells

stratum spinosum

8-10 layers of epithelium

• produces keratin

• 2 layer of epidermis

stratum granulosum

3-5 layers of epidermis

• cells dehyrate and die

stratum lucidum

epidermis layer only on palms of hands

stratum corneum

15-30 layers of top layer epidermis

papillary layer

layer of dermis with

• areolar connective tissue

• blood vessels

reticular layer

layer of dermis with

• dense connective tissue

• contains blood vessels and hair follicles

hypodermis

subcutaneous / superficial fascia layer

• areolar connective and adipose tissue

• NOT part of integument but attaches skin to muscles

sebaceous gland

gland / ducts all over the body but palms and soles

• oily substance (sebum) to protect hair and lubricate skin

merocrine / eccrine

sudoriferous glands all over the body help to control body temperature

apocrine

sudoriferous gland thick in protein and fat in axillae and genital area

pacinian corpuscles

sensory receptors for pressure and vibration

meissners and merkel cells

sensory receptors for light touch and texture