pd 4 terms a

Armenian genocide

Ottoman Turks targeted Armenian Christians from 1915-1916 as a way of removing Christian influence in the Ottoman Empire to prevent them from supporting the Allied Powers

Treaty of Versailles

agreement that formally ended WWI; signed in 1919 and written by the Allied Powers; focused on punishing the Central Powers, especially Germany, by limiting their abilities to have militaries, produce weapons, and control colonies; included the war guilt clause that made Germany accept full, sole responsibility for causes WWI

League of Nations

international peace organization formed after WWI to prevent conflicts between countries by requiring them to publish treaties, discuss conflicts and find peaceful solutions, and protect nations from invasions

Indian National Congress

Political party that grew from regional associations of Western-educated Indians in 1885 seeking Indian Independence from Britain through civil disobedience and boycotts.

collectivization

process by which farmland is controlled by the government and divided between workers

Blitzkrieg

translates as "lightning war" and is the military strategy of attacking an enemy quickly at key points (urban areas, manufacturing sites, and transportation centers) and then retreating before they can attack back; used by the Nazi German military, especially when bombing London and other British cities at night

February/March Revolution

1917 rebellion in Russia caused by involvement in WWI, food scarcity, high casualties in war; centered in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) led by massive numbers of workers; led Czar Nicholas II to abdicate (step down from the throne) and the creation of the Duma (parliamentary government)

October/November Revolution

1917 rebellion in Russia against the Duma led by a smaller number of Red Guard soldiers who wanted to create a communist/socialist republic in Russia; focused on gaining control of key strategic points in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) like railroads and telegraphs; promised to end Russian involvement in WWI, provide food to the starving people, and redistribute land to peasants

Fourteen Points

U.S. President Woodrow Wilson's plan to create a lasting peace after WWI by addressing the underlying causes of WWI

self-determination

belief that citizens should be able to decide what kind of government they have

mandate system

developed by the League of Nations after WWI to give former Ottoman and German colonies to the former Allied Powers; gave permission (mandate) to control that area until the people were "prepared" for self-government

Bolshevik

member of Communist Party that wanted the proletariat to forcefully seize power of government in Russia; led by Vladimir Lenin

totalitarianism

form of government in which political leaders control and make all decisions for the citizens (social groups, education, economic policies, etc.)

satyagraha

Mahatma Ghandi's philosophy of finding and maintaining truth by observing and challenging unjust laws peacefully; must give notice of intention to resist unjust laws and do so nonviolently; based on practices/beliefs of Indian religions (including Jainism)

coalition government

parliamentary government formed when a single party doesn't have a majority of representatives so makes an alliance with smaller parties in order to make a majority and promise to help each other to keep that majority when voting

Weimar Republic

post-WWI German government; parliamentary republic with a president and chancellor sharing power with parliament, protections of citizens' rights, and public education; collapsed because of economic instability and distrust in the government created by the Treaty of Versailles

fascism

political ideology (system of ideas) that argues that the government should have more control over people's daily lives and the economy to protect them from enemies inside and outside of the country; emphasizes nationalism, racism, xenophobia (fear of foreigners), fear, and protection of "natural" citizens (used in Mussolini's Italy, Franco's Spain, and Hitler's Germany)

Great Purge

Stalin's campaign against his political threats and enemies (1936-1938); around 750,000 people executed and 1 million people imprisoned in work camps (gulags); especially targeted people loyal to Lenin and Trotsky (leaders of the Bolsheviks) and anyone not loyal to Josef Stalin (new leader of Soviet Union after Lenin's death)

Five-Year Plans

goals set by the Soviet Union's government to increase production and stability to compete with non-Soviet countries; focused on industrializing and producing food for cities

Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere

Japanese policy that outlined the belief that Japan should colonize and control East Asian countries to preserve Asian traditions and protect them from Western influences; excused Japanese violently taking over countries and using them for their resources

appeasement

political policy of giving a government what it wants in order to prevent future conflicts

nonaggression pact

agreement between Germany under Hitler and the Soviet Union under Stalin that their countries would not fight each other but would divide Europe after Germany won WWII

Kristallnacht

translates as "Night of Broken Glass" and was an organized attack against Jewish people led by the Nazi Party in Germany in 1938; encouraged children and civilians to burn down, vandalize (harm), and loot Jewish businesses and buildings and ordered police and firefighters to attack victims instead of people hurting them

lebensraum

German policy of expanding territory and colonies to give its population the resources and land necessary to be self-sufficient (used in both pre-WWI and Nazi Germany)

Vichy France

WWII-era government that allied with Nazi Germany and signed an armistice (agreement to stop fighting); created anti-Semitic policies and voluntarily arrested and deported Jewish people to German-led concentration and death camps; gave the government more power over daily life and restricted individual freedoms for citizens

kulak

: wealthy peasant who had leadership positions in villages before the Russian Revolution; Lenin used them to ensure farmers produced enough food for the empire by giving them incentives; eventually replaced by collectivization that broke up individual land ownership and shared it among farmers