1. Neurophysiology module 2, 3, and 4 (incomplete)

Which nerves are not sympathetic?

C1-C8, L4-Co

Which nerves are sympathetic?

T1-L3

All cranial nerves are sympathetic

False

How many cranial nerves are parasympathetic?

4

Which cranial nerves are parasympathetic?

Oculomotor (3), Facial (7), Glossopharyngeal (9), and Vagus (10)

What does CPU stand for?

Central processing unit

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

Fine tunes activity of the visceral organs

What does the somatic nervous system do?

Fine tunes the activity of skeletal muscle

Which two systems work antagonistically in the organs?

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

What is the enteric division of the autonomic nervous system?

The independent regulation of the gastrointestinal tract

What other names is the autonomic nervous system known by?

All of these

Where does the pelvic nerve originate from?

S2-S4

What part of the somatic nervous system runs through the entire body cavity?

Chain of sympathetic ganglia

What is the chain of sympathetic ganglia composed of?

Multiple cervical region ganglia

Any nerves that exit the spinal cord have to go through the chain of sympathetic ganglia first.

True

The superior cervical ganglion leads to what sympathetic function?

Dilating the pupil

The middle cervical ganglion leads to what sympathetic function?

Inhibits flow of saliva

The sympathetic nervous system originates from what region of the CNS?

Thoracolumbar

The parasympathetic nervous system originates from what region of the CNS?

Craniosacral

What is the correct pathway for a sensory impulse? **

Dorsal root → dorsal horn → brain/spinal nerve →

What structure connects the spinal nerves to the sympathetic chain?

Rami communicantes

What type of innervation do all blood vessels receive?

Sympathetic

What blood vessels receive parasympathetic as well as sympathetic innervation?

Those that supply the external genitalia

Which of the following best describes the length of pre and post ganglion in the sympathetic nervous system?

Preganglionic are short while postganglionic are long

Which of the following best describes the length of pre and post ganglion in the parasympathetic nervous system?

Preganglionic are long while postganglionic are short

Where do T6-L2 spinal nerves form a synapse?

In the mesenteric ganglia

What is a prevertebral ganglia?

The ganglia which are located in the meshwork tissue that hold the intestinal tissues in place

What are some basic functions of the autonomic nervous system?

All of these

Which of the following describes the neurotransmitters released at sympathetic junctions?

Ach in ganglia, norepinephrine at effector site

Which of the following describes the neurotransmitters released at parasympathetic junctions?

Ach at both ganglia and effector site

How many neurons are in the afferent and efferent ANS respectively?

One afferent, two efferent

What are the exceptions to the dual innervations from the SNS and PSNS and what type of innervation do they receive?

Sweat glands, pilorector muscles, uterus, and blood vessels; receive SNS

What type of saliva does sympathetic innervation produce from the salivary gland?

Scant and viscous saliva

What type of saliva does parasympathetic innervation produce from the salivary gland?

Watery and profuse saliva

Which common phrase is used to describe the effects of the SNS?

Fight or flight

Which common phrase is used to describe the effects of the PSNS?

Rest and digest

Where are the short preganglionic fibers located from T1-L2?

Intermediolateral horn

The preganglionic fibers share characteristics with the adrenal gland

False, the postganglionic do

Which neurotransmitter is released by the postganglionic adrenergic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system?

Norepinephrine (NE)

What neurotransmitter is released at the postganglionic fibers in the renal, mesenteric, and coronary vascular beds? (Is also released by interneurons in the sympathetic ganglia specifically found within the CNS)

Dopamine (DA)

What are some of the major effects of the SNS?

Increased heart rate and blood pressure

Dilation of pupils, bronchi, coronary blood vessels, and skeletal muscle blood vessels

Decrease in Gastrointestinal activity

Cutaneous and mucosal vasoconstriction

When is glycogenolysis generally activated en mass?

In response to major stress

What is the PSNS?

Parasympathetic Nervous System

What is the PSNS responsible for?

Homeostatic functions in the absence of stress

What is the other name that the PSNS can go by?

Craniosacral division of the ANS

What is the ANS?

Autonomic Nervous System

What percentage of the Vagus nerve (CN X) is sensory input?

80%

What percentage of the pelvic nerve (S2-S4) is sensory input?

50%

How is the PSNS best described?

A discrete activation which usually occurs at the individual organ level

There is a limited level of neuronal divergence from CNS to ganglia and to target tissues.

True

What level is Ach released in the parasympathetic system?

All levels

What other term is used to describe the type of synapse where acetylcholine is released?

Cholinergic

Which cranial nerve innervates the eye for the PSNS?

CN III (Oculomotor)

Which cranial nerve innervates the face, oropharynx, and salivary glands for the PSNS?

CN VII (facial) and IX (glossophrayngeal)

What cranial nerve innervates the thoracic and abdominal organs for the PSNS?

CN X (Vagus)

What does the pelvic nerve innervate for the PSNS?

The bladder and other smooth muscles

What organs does the PSNS have the dominant effects in?

Heart, eye, gut, and bladder

What are the supporting glial cells in the peripheral nervous system?

Satellite cells and Schwann cells

What are the supporting glial cells in the central nervous system?

Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells

Which of the supporting glial cells in the central nervous system is the most populous?

Astrocytes

Which two cells form the myelin sheaths (one from PNS and one from CNS)?

Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes

What do satellite cells do?

Support cell bodies

What is the other function of schwann cells besides making the myelin sheath?

Secretion of neurotrophic factors

What is the cell in the CNS that secretes the neurotrophic factors?

Astrocytes

Where are the Satellite cells located in the PNS?

Intermediolateral horn

What is the most important function of the astrocytes in the CNS?

Help form the blood brain barrier

What do microglia cells do in the CNS?

Act as scavengers (modified immune cells)

What do ependymal cells do in the CNS?

Create barriers between compartments

What space has a weak blood brain barrier?

Chemoreceptor trigger zone

What structure do the ependymal cells form?

Choroid plexus

What does the choroid plexus do?

Produce CSF

What do glial cells do for either the CNS or the PNS?

Support neurons by structural support and provide nutrients for neurons

In what way do the satellite cells support the neurons in the PNS?

Protection and repair of ganglia

What do oligodendrocytes do?

Create the myelin sheaths of axons in the CNS providing insulation and allowing signals to propogate faster

What do astrocytes do?

Help create the restrictive BBB in order to protect delicate nervous tissue

What do microglia do?

Function as defense cells by phagocytosis and they multiply if the CNS is damaged or infected

What do ependymal cells do?

Line the fluid filled cavities of the CNS and help to create CSF

What is CSF?

Cerebrospinal fluid

What is the definition of a neurotransmitter?

A chemical substance that acts as the mediator for the transmission of nerve impulse from one neuron to another neuron through nerve connections called a synapse

How do neurotransmitters act?

By binding to membrane-bound transmitter receptors

Why are neurotransmitters released?

Systemic and local effects of synaptic transmission

What are the major neurotransmitters?

Ach, EP, NE, and DA

What are the minor neurotransmitters?

Serotonin, Substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and others

What does PrSNS stand for?

Preganglionic sympathetic nervous system

What does PsPSNS stand for?

Postganglionic parasympathetic nervous system

What does PrPSNS stand for?

Preganglionic parasympathetic nervous system

Where do cholinergic fibers innervate the ganglia?

PrSNS, PrPSNS, PsPSNS, some blood vessels (those to the external genitalia) and skeletal muscles of the somatic motor systems (NMJs)

What do adrenergic fibers release?

Norepinephrine (NE)

Where are adrenergic fibers mainly located?

SNS postganglion

What do adrenal medullary cells release?

Epinephrine mainly, norepinephrine a little

Where is dopamine (DA) released by SNS postganglionic fibers?

Renal, mesenteric, coronary vascular beds, and by interneurons in the ganglia

What enzyme forms acetylcholine from acetyl co-enzyme A and choline?

Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)

What are the precursors for acetylcholine?

Acetyl co-enzyme A and choline

What chemical process degrades acetylcholine?

Hydrolysis

What aids in the hydrolysis of acetylcholine?

Acetylcholinestrase (AchE)

What does AchE break acetylcholine into?

Acetate and choline

There is an active reuptake of choline.

True

Where is extrasynaptic cholinestrase found?

Blood and tissues

What are the two types of cholinoreceptors?

Nicotinic and muscarinic

Where are Nicotinic receptors found?

ANS ganglia (both SNS and PSNS), adrenal medulla, and the NMJ of skeletal muscles