AP Euro chapter 15 terms

Price of Bread

The cost of bread, essential for most Europeans, impacting daily life and sparking riots during economic crises.

Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648)

A devastating conflict mainly between Catholics and Protestants in Europe, resulting in widespread destruction.

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

An agreement allowing German princes to select Lutheranism or Catholicism as the official religion of their territories.

Gustavus Adolphus

King of Sweden who supported Protestants during the Thirty Years' War and won several key battles.

Cardinal Richelieu

Chief minister to King Louis XIII, strengthened the French monarchy and opposed the Habsburgs during the Thirty Years' War.

Peace of Westphalia (1648)

The treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War, recognizing state sovereignty and reducing religious conflicts.

Standing Armies

Permanent military forces maintained by states, common for defense and enforcement of power.

Great Britain Focused on Naval Forces

Britain's concentration on building a strong navy crucial for its imperial expansion.

Henry IV (1589)

King of France who ended civil wars between Catholics and Protestants and enacted the Edict of Nantes.

Edict of Nantes (1598)

A decree granting religious freedom to Huguenots in France, revoked by Louis XIV in 1685.

Cardinal Richelieu

Influential minister to Louis XIII; strengthened royal power and centralized the state in France.

Intendants

Royal officials in France implementing government policies locally, increasing the monarchy's power.

Louis XIV

French king known as the 'Sun King,' symbolizing absolute monarchy and expanding French territories.

Cardinal Jules Mazarin

Successor to Richelieu, chief minister during Louis XIV's early reign, continued centralizing policies.

Fronde

A series of civil wars in France (1648–1653) stemming from royal tax increases and noble resistance.

Revoked the Edict of Nantes (1685)

Louis XIV's action to remove religious tolerance, leading to Huguenot exile.

Versailles

A grand palace under Louis XIV, center of political power, showcasing the monarchy's wealth.

Required Nobles

Louis XIV mandated nobles to spend time at Versailles to control their activities.

Patron

Someone who supports the arts; Louis XIV commissioned works to glorify his reign and French culture.

French Classicism

An artistic and literary style in the late 17th century emphasizing harmony and classical models.

French Language in Society

The rise of French as the preferred medium for diplomacy and culture across Europe.

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Louis XIV's financial advisor who created mercantilist policies to strengthen the French economy.

Financial Genius

Colbert’s effectiveness in managing finances and enhancing state revenue through economic control.

Mercantilism

Economic theory emphasizing state management of the economy to increase national wealth.

Spanish King Charles II

The last Habsburg ruler of Spain whose death without an heir led to the War of the Spanish Succession.

War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1713)

Conflict over the Spanish throne, involving France against a coalition of European powers.

The Peace of Utrecht

The treaty concluding the War of the Spanish Succession, ensuring separate French and Spanish crowns.

Balance-of-Power Principle

The idea that European powers should maintain equal strength to prevent any nation from dominating.

Decline of Absolutist Spain

Spain's loss of power due to economic troubles and military defeats in the seventeenth century.

Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659)

Agreement ending hostilities between France and Spain, resulting in significant territorial losses for Spain.

Independence of Portugal (1688)

Spain formally recognized Portugal's sovereignty, ending its dominance in the region.

Habsburgs

A powerful royal family aimed at unifying diverse territories in central Europe post-Thirty Years' War.

Permanent standing army

A military force maintained during peacetime, ready to suppress internal conflicts.

Frederick William

The ‘Great Elector’ of Brandenburg and Prussia, known for building a strong military.

Great Elector

Title for Frederick William reflecting his leadership in consolidating power in Prussia.

Junkers

The noble landowning class in Prussia wielding significant political and economic power.

Frederick William I

The 'Soldiers’ King' known for strengthening Prussia’s military and centralizing power.

Militaristic society

A society dominated by military values, emphasizing discipline and readiness for war.

Moscow as the 'Third Rome'

Moscow viewed as the successor to Rome and Byzantium in Orthodoxy and power.

Ivan IV (r. 1533–1584)

Also known as 'Ivan the Terrible,' expanded Russia and established a centralized government.

Cossacks

Free groups and warrior bands in Russia resisting nobles and seeking freedom.

Ivan's Peasant Ties

Ivan IV enacted laws requiring peasants to remain bound to the land they worked.

Time of Troubles (1598–1613)

A chaotic period after Ivan IV's death marked by power struggles and suffering.

Romanov

Dynasty beginning with Michael Romanov, ruling Russia for over three centuries.

Hereditary tsar

A king whose position is passed down through family lines.

Peter the Great (r. 1682–1725)

Russian tsar known for modernizing Russia and expanding its army.

European Great Power

A major country with significant military strength and influence in international affairs.

St. Petersburg

A city founded by Peter the Great as Russia’s new capital reflecting Western culture.

Westernization

The process of adopting Western ideas and practices, exemplified by Peter the Great.

Serfdom

System binding peasants to land controlled by landowners, often for protection.

Mid-sixteenth century

Refers to the 1550s, a time of Ottoman Empire prominence.

Most powerful empires

Empires like the Ottoman Empire notable for control, wealth, and military strength.

James Stuart / James I

The Scottish cousin of Queen Elizabeth I who became king of England in 1603.

Divine right

Belief that a monarch’s authority comes directly from God, accountable only to Him.

Charles I

Son of James I who ruled from 1625 to 1649 and attempted to govern without Parliament.

Long Parliament

Parliament sitting from 1640 to 1660 aiming to limit the king's powers.

Triennial Act

1641 law requiring the king to summon Parliament at least once every three years.

English Civil War (1642–1649)

Conflict between Charles I's supporters and Parliament, ending in victory for Parliament.

Oliver Cromwell

Leader of the Parliamentary army during the English Civil War who became a military dictator.

Beheaded

Executing someone by cutting off their head; Charles I was executed this way.

Thomas Hobbes

Philosopher who argued that strong central authority is necessary to avoid chaos.

Navigation Act (1651)

Law requiring goods shipped to England to use English ships, promoting English trade.

Restoration of 1660

Charles II's return after Cromwell's republican rule, restoring the monarchy.

Charles II

Son of Charles I who ruled from 1660 to 1685, restoring stability to England.

Test Act (1673)

Law limiting civil rights for non-Church of England members.

James II

Brother of Charles II, became king in 1685, promoting Catholicism and causing unrest.

Mary and William of Orange

Invited to the English throne to prevent the return of Catholic absolutism.

1689

Year Mary and William were crowned, beginning constitutional monarchy in England.

Glorious Revolution (1688–1689)

Bloodless transition of power from James II to William and Mary, limiting royal authority.

Bill of Rights

Document ensuring parliamentary supremacy and limiting the monarchy's power.

Second Treatise of Civil Government

John Locke's work arguing that governments must protect people's natural rights.

John Locke

Political philosopher advocating for natural rights to life, liberty, and property.

Cabinet system

Government form where leading ministers collaborate with Parliament on policies.

Prime minister

Head of the cabinet in England, originally called the king's first minister.

Republic of the United Provinces

Self-governing territory recognized for its independence in 1648.

Stadholder

Executive officer in each province of the Dutch Republic responsible for defense.

Shipping business

Industry involving sea transportation, dominated by the Dutch in the 17th century.

Highest standard of living

Economically prosperous condition enjoyed by the Dutch due to successful trade.

Baroque style

Artistic style of the 17th century characterized by drama and emotional intensity.

Peter Paul Rubens

Prominent Baroque painter known for dynamic and colorful works.

Bach

Johann Sebastian Bach, celebrated Baroque composer known for complex and expressive music.