Aldehydes and Ketones Lecture Notes

These flashcards cover key terms and definitions concerning aldehydes and ketones, their reactions, nomenclature, structural properties, and significance in carbohydrate chemistry.

Carbonyl Group

Functional group characterized by a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom.

Aldehyde

An organic compound containing a carbonyl group with at least one hydrogen atom attached to the carbonyl carbon.

Ketone

An organic compound that contains a carbonyl group bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups.

Reactivity Order

The order in which aldehydes and ketones react with nucleophiles based on the number of R groups around the carbonyl carbon.

Nomenclature - Aldehydes

The naming convention for aldehydes involves changing the -e ending of the parent alkane to -al.

Common Names of Aldehydes

Traditional names for simple aldehydes, such as formaldehyde (1 carbon) and acetaldehyde (2 carbons).

Greek Letters

Used to denote the carbon positions adjacent to the carbonyl carbon, starting with alpha (α) for the first carbon.

IUPAC Naming of Ketones

Ketones are named by changing the -e ending of the parent alkane to -one.

Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones

Aldehydes and ketones exhibit strong dipole moments and lack hydrogen bonding, affecting their boiling points and solubility.

Nucleophilic Addition

The reaction mechanism where a nucleophile attacks the carbonyl carbon followed by protonation.

Wittig Reaction

A reaction that converts carbonyl compounds into alkenes using a phosphonium ylide.

Acetal Formation

The process of reacting aldehydes or ketones with alcohols to form acetals, catalyzed generally by acids.

Hydration of Carbonyls

The reaction that adds water to a carbonyl compound to form a gem-diol or hydrate.

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars that can be either aldehydes (aldoses) or ketones (ketoses) with multiple hydroxy groups.

Glycosidic Bond

A bond formed between two monosaccharides with the loss of water during the formation of disaccharides.

Polysaccharide

Complex carbohydrates composed of long chains of monosaccharide units.

Cellulose Structure

Cellulose is a polysaccharide consisting of β(1-4) linked glucose units, an integral part of plant cell walls.

Enamine

Product formed when a secondary amine reacts with an aldehyde or ketone, featuring a nitrogen atom bonded to a carbon-carbon double bond.

Imine

A product of the reaction between an aldehyde or ketone and a primary amine, characterized by a C=N bond.

Cyanohydrins

Compounds formed by the addition of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) to carbonyl compounds, which can also hydrolyze to carboxylic acids.