insect final

What is meant when we say insects are “inside out and upside down”?

Exoskeleton is on the outside of the body. Circulatory system is located dorsally and central nervous system is located ventrally

What is the ventral nerve cord composed of

bundles of nerve cells called ganglia

Tracheole

where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in tissues occurs; cells all nearby; gas movement is by simple diffusion and some pumping

spermatheca

stores sperm

What are the four layers of the exoskeleton in order from the inside to the outside of the insect?

Epicuticle (non-living)

exocuticle (non-living)

endocuticle (non-living)

living cells, epidermis

What are the 3 parts of the alimentary canal and which part(s) are made of cuticle

Foregut, midgut, hindgut; foregut and hindgut made of cuticle

what type of metamorphosis is this

none

what type of metamorphosis is this

complete

what are the 4 life stages of complete metamorphosis?

egg, juvenile, pupal, adult

what are the life stages of incomplete metamorphosis

egg, juvenile, adult

How do you tell incomplete metamorphosis apart from no metamorphosis and complete metamorphosis?

What types of metamorphosis do these have:

1. hemiptera

2. fleas

3. caddisflies

4. praying mantis

1. incomplete

2. complete

3. complete

4. incomplete

what order does this insect belong to?

coleoptera (coleo=sheath, ptera=wing)

name the order that this insect belongs to

diptera (di=two, ptera=wing)

name the order this insect belongs to

lepidoptera (lepido=scale, ptera=wing)

name the order of the insect

hymenoptera (hymeno=membranous, ptera=wing)

name the order

ephemeroptera (ephemero=short lived, adults only live a few days)

name the taxonomic rank:

1. Cyloneda polita

2. Coccinella

3. Coccinellidae

1. species

2. genus

3. family

fill in the blanks

King plays chess on fine green sand

1. kingdom

2. phylum

3. class

4. order

5. family

6. genus

7. species

name the order

hemiptera-aphids

name the order

hemiptera-stink bug

name the order

hemiptera-leafhopper

name the order

orthoptera-grasshopper

holotype

single specimen designated as the name bearer to represent a species

who co-authored a paper with Darwin that summarized the theory of evolution

Alfred Russel Wallace

drawback of exoskeleton

• growth has to occur in discrete stages (molting) so they will be more vulnerable to predation

• limits the max size that they can grow (can be argued whether this is a drawback or not)

why are insects so diverse compared to vertebrates

• smaller and fit into more niches

• most insects can fly and disperse into new habitats

• plant-insect co-evolution

what is the asexual phase in aphids called?

parthenogenesis

what modes of reproduction occur during sexual and asexual phase?

1. sexual phase: oviparous

2. asexual phase: viviparous

symbiotic relationships are always mutalistic

FALSE

types of relationships

• nutritional (+,+)

• reproductive (+,-)

• pathogenic (+,-)

• commensal (+,0)

vertical transmission

• symbiont is inherited from the parent (usually mother)

• symbiont and host co-evolve and may not survive without each other

horizontal transmission

symbiont is acquired from the environmental or other individuals (not inherited)

advantage of biological control

• cost effective

• self-sustaining in the case of classical biological control

• no chemical environmental hazards

• integrates well with other methods of control except insecticides

reasons pests aren’t naturally regulated in farms

• enemy release: introduced pests are not controlled by natural predators, pathogens, or parasites

• plant domestication makes crops more susceptible to pests

• monocultures have fewer alternative resources and microclimates, thus reduces natural enemy diversity and abundance

• pesticides harm natural enemies of pest (if present)

4 types of plants to disrupt pest establishment/activity

• companion crops: releases chemical cues that masks main crop

• repellant plants: releases chemical cues that actively repel pests

• barrier plants: physically block pest establishment

• trap crops: more attractive plant to pull pest away from crop

downsides of plants to disrupt pests

• takes away area from planting main cash crops

• additional plantings may require significant additional resources like water and fertilizer

• plantings may compete with main cash crop for resources

• plantings complicate crop care and harvesting

Steps of classical biological control

1. determine geographic region of origin of pest

2. search for pest and its natural enemies

3. test natural enemies for efficacy against pest

4. rear prospective natural enemies

5. test for safety against useful native insects

6. quarantine to avoid pathogens or parasites

7. release

direct pest

pest damage results directly from pest activity such as feeding or oviposition

indirect pests

insects that create conditions for another pest to cause damage

cultural method to control pests

• cultural control: adopting farming practices to reduce pests

• crop rotation: pathogen management, host switching

• sanitation: solarization (create condition where heat from sunlight kills pests), treatment of machinery

• nutrient/water management: avoiding overfertalization/overwatering

• planting resistant crops

economic injury level (EIL)

pest density that causes more damage than the cost of control

economic threshold

level of pest population at which control should be begun to avoid reaching EIL

disadvantages of breeding plants to have pest resistance

• long time (some plants take years for each generation)

• not always achievable

• not as well developed for ornamentals compared to crops

Categories of pest control methods

1. biological control

2. cultural control

3. genetic engineering

4. pesticides

5. pheromones to attract or repel pest

6. plant resistance

7. sterilizing insects

altruism

behaviors that increase the fitness of another individual at a cost to the actor

age polyethism

worker division of labor based on age

sperm competition

• long sperm acts as a physical barrier to block the uptake of sperm from other males

• penis covered in spines damage female reproduction to reduce likelihood of other males being successful with mating with the female

what category of pollination

Biotic spread by animals

what category of pollination

abiotic spread by wind

animals that pollinate other than insects

1. birds: hummingbirds, honey creepers

2. mammals: bats, mice, monkeys

5 threats honeybees face

1. limited floral resources

2. fungicides

3. pesticides

4. parasites

5. pathogens

fauncal turnover

when a group of species disappear and are replaced by a different group of species

ways that climate change has affected bark beetles in the US

• expanded range

• increased survival of larvae during winter

• more generations per year

3 things that need to happen for a mass extinction event

1. at least 75% of all species go extinct

2. extinction happens across taxonomic boundaries

3. must occur globally

How many mass extinction events have occurred? Which mass extinction event caused the most species to go extinct?

5 & Late Permian mass extinction

4 main causes of insect population declines

• pesticides (insecticides, herbicides, fungicides)

• habitat loss

• climate change

• light pollution

two types of entomology

• forensic

• urban

ways insects used in forensic entomology

• determining postmortem interval (time elapsed between death and when a body is discovered)

• locating remains

• perimortem injury assessment

• toxicological analyses

• sources of human DNA

• documenting abuse/neglect

reasons why raising insects for food is better than raising cattle

• more efficient at converting feed into body mass

• require significantly less water

• produce fewer greenhouse gases

• require less land

• can be raised on waste to feed farm animals and fish

• pose a low risk of transmitting zoonotic infections

reasons why eating insects is more common in the tropics

• insects tend to be larger in the tropics

• insects in the tropics often congregate in significant numbers, so it is easier to collect large quantities during a single harvest

• greater variety of insects available year-round

• harvests predictable

• location predictable

category of pesticides most widely used in agriculture

herbicides

how is biotech used in agriculture to combat weeds while also protecting crops

genetically modify crops to be herbicide-tolerant

explain how transgenic organisms are used

• Bt corn genetically modified to produce a protein from a bacterium which kills insects

• male mosquitos are genetically modified with a leathal gene that disrupts protein synthesis in their offspring causing them to die before reaching adulthood

how can we present insect populations from becoming resistant to Bt crops

• plant refuge zone adjacent to Bt crops

• genetically modify crops with multiple Bt genes

what type of disease is malaria

anthroponosis (human→ mosquito→ human)

what are the 4 elements of a transmission cycle

1. disease agent

2. vector

3. primary reservoir or host

4. permissible environment

what is one insect responsible for natural red dyes, sometimes called cochineal or carmine extract?

Cochineal scale insect: females crushed up to make natural textile and food dyes

biomimicry

mimicking nature’s solutions to solve human problems

forensic entomology

application of insect biology to legal proceedings

name the sections

top: dorsal heart

middle: alimentary canal

bottom: ventral nerve cord