Anatomy and Physiology Exam 1 Review Flashcards

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering cellular transport, tissue classification, integumentary structures, bone histology and pathology, metabolism, cell junctions, and scientific methodology based on the lecture review guide.

Passive transport

Movement of substances down the concentration gradient that requires no ATP.

Active transport

Movement of substances against the concentration gradient that requires ATP.

Epithelial tissue

Tissue type that covers body surfaces, lines internal cavities and passageways, and forms glands.

Connective tissue

Tissue type that supports and binds tissues and organs, protects organs, transports substances (blood), stores energy (fat), and defends against pathogens.

Muscle tissue

Tissue type that contracts to produce movement and generates heat.

Nervous tissue

Tissue type that detects stimuli, conducts electrical impulses, and processes information.

Melanin

Skin pigment produced by melanocytes.

Carotene

Dietary skin pigment.

Hemoglobin

Blood pigment involved in oxygenation that affects skin coloration.

Epidermis

Superficial, avascular layer of the skin composed of stratified squamous keratinized epithelium.

Stratum spinosum

Epidermal layer where keratin production occurs.

Stratum granulosum

Epidermal layer where cells flatten and begin to die.

Stratum lucidum

Epidermal layer present only in thick skin.

Stratum corneum

Outer epidermal layer consisting of dead, keratin-filled protective cells.

Dermis

Deeper connective tissue layer of the skin composed of dense irregular connective tissue.

Papillary layer

Dermal layer composed of areolar connective tissue, dermal papillae, capillaries, meissner corpuscles (light touch), and where fingerprints form.

Reticular layer

Dermal layer composed of dense connective tissue rich in collagen, elastin, and blood supply.

Hypodermis

Layer below the dermis that is not part of the skin; supports the skin and contains adipose tissue and blood vessels.

Long bone

Bone type that serves as levers for movement, such as the femur and humerus.

Short bone

Cube-like bone providing stability with limited movement, such as the carpals.

Flat bone

Bone type providing protection, such as the skull, ribs, and sternum.

Irregular bone

Bone with complex shapes, such as the vertebrae.

Osteogenic cells

Stem cells located in bone tissue.

Osteoblasts

Bone cells that build bone matrix.

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue.

Osteoclasts

Bone cells that break down bone for remodeling.

Cations

Positively charged ions, such as $\text{Na}^+$ and $\text{K}^+$.

Anions

Negatively charged ions, such as $\text{Cl}^-$.

Metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions occurring in the body.

Anabolism

Metabolic process that builds molecules and requires energy.

Catabolism

Metabolic process that breaks down molecules and releases energy.

Observation

Step in the scientific method that involves identifying a phenomenon or asking a question.

Hypothesis

A testable explanation developed during the scientific method.

Experimentation

Designing and conducting experiments to test a hypothesis.

Data collection and analysis

Measuring, analyzing, and interpreting experimental results.

Conclusion

Evaluating experimental results to support or refute the hypothesis.

Communication

Sharing research findings through reports or publications, allowing scientific evidence to refine or overturn conclusions.

Tight junctions

Cell junctions that prevent leakage between adjacent cells.

Desmosomes

Cell junctions that provide strong attachments for mechanical support between cells.

Gap junctions

Cell junctions that allow cell-to-cell communication.

Plasma membrane

Structure forming a selective barrier between the intracellular and extracellular environments.

Dehydration synthesis

Chemical process that builds large molecules by removing water.

Hydrolysis

Chemical process that breaks large molecules apart by adding water.

Rickets

Bone softening in the growing bones of children due to inadequate mineralization from vitamin D or calcium deficiencies.

Osteomalacia

Impaired bone mineralization in adults resulting in softened bone driven by vitamin D or mineral deficiencies.

Osteoporosis

A selective loss in minerals and total bone mass creating fragile and porous microarchitecture.

Paget's disease

Bone disease characterized by osteoclastic resorption of bone followed by new rapid and disorganized bone formation.

Osmosis

Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane toward higher solute concentration, often occurring through aquaporins.

Isotonic solution

Solution with an equal solute concentration relative to the cell, allowing the cell to maintain its normal shape.

Hypertonic solution

Solution with a higher solute concentration outside the cell, causing water to leave the cell and the cell to shrink.

Hypotonic solution

Solution with a lower solute concentration outside the cell, causing water to enter the cell so that the cell swells or lyses.