REPRODUCTIVE extra credit

What are the primary organs in both males and females? What do they produce?

Primary organs (gonads): testes in males and ovaries in females

- Produce the sex cells (gametes): sperm and egg/ovum

- Gondas also function as endocrine glands and secrete sex hormones

2. What is the pathway of sperm out of the body?

 - testis → epididymis → vas (ductus) deferens → ejaculatory duct → urethra 

3. What are the functions of the accessory sex glands in males?3. What are the functions of the accessory sex glands in males?

 Accessory sex glands: empty their secretions into the sex ducts during ejalation (seminal vesicles, prostate gland and bulbourethral gland)

4. What are the functions of sustentacular cells?

- Sustentacular cells assist sperm production in many ways 

-supplies nutrients to the spermatogenic cells

- actively moves the spermatogenic cells towards the lumen 

- phagocytizes the cytoplasm

-secretes testicula fluid into the tubule lumen,

-secrete androgens-binding protein,  

- secrets hormone inhibin which slows rate of sperm production

5. What are the three parts of the urethra in males?

- Prostatic urethra (prostate) 

- Membranous urethra (urogenital diaphragm)

- Spongy urethra ( penis)

6. What does the seminal vesicle contain?

1) Fructose and other nutrients
2) Prostaglandins...stimulates contraction of the uterus to
help move sperm though the femal reproductive tract
3) Substances that suppress the immune response against
semen in females.
4) Substances that enhance sperm motility
5) Enzymes that clot the ejaculated sperm in the vagina and
then liquefy it so that the sperm can swim out

7. What does prostatic secretion contain?

- A milky fluid that contains various substances that enhance sperm motility and enzymes that clots and liquefy ejaculated semen

8. What is the function of the bulbourethral gland?

- Located inferior to the prostate the bulbourethral gland produces a mucus, which enters the spongy urethra when a male becomes sexually excited prior to ejaculation.

- the mucus neutralizes traces of acidic urine in the urethra and lubricates the urethra to smooth the passage of semen during ejaculation

. Describe the uterine tubes, the uterus, and the vagina.

-Uterine tubes: where fertilization usually occurs

-Uterus: where the embryo develops

-Vagina: act as a birth canal and receives the penis during sexual intercourse

10. What are the functions of the ovaries?

- Ovaries: Gonads the produce the female gametes (ova or egg)

11. What are the 3 phases of the ovarian cycle? Describe each phase.

1. Follicular phase (birth → end of female reproductive years) The cortex contains thousands of follicles (follicles 1 to 6)

• Primary follicles (follicle 1) consists of an oocyte surrounded by a single layer of flat cells called follicular cells. At the start of each ovarian cycle, 6-12 primordial follicles start to grow.. Stimulating by follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

2. Ovulation (follicle 7); one oocyte exits from one of the women's two ovaries and swept into a uterine tube; triggered by the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland 

3. Luteal phase (follicle 8-9): If there is no implantation, the corpus luteum dies after 2 weeks and becomes a scar called a corpus albicans (follicle 9)

12. What do the uterine tubes receive?

- Receives the ovulated oocyte and provides a site for fertilization

13. How does the oocyte (egg) reach the uterus?

-Beating cilia on the fimbriae create currents to carry the oocyte into the uterine tube

14. What are the 3 layers of the uterine wall?

a) Perimetrium: outermost serous layer; the visceral peritoneum
b) Myometrium: middle layer; interlacing bundles of smooth muscle
c) Endometrium: innermost mucosal lining of the uterine cavity
-Simple columnar epithelium containing secretory and ciliated cells
-Underlain by a lamina propria C.T.

15. What are the functions of the vagina?

• Vagina: thin-walled tube lying between the bladder and the rectum, extending from the cervix to the exterior of the body
-Provides a passageway for birth, menstrual flow, and is the organ of copulation
-The urethra is embedded in the anterior wall

16. What are the labia majora and labia minora?

Labia majora: elongated, hair-covered, fatty skin folds homologous
to the male scrotum
• Labia minora:
hair-free skin folds lying within the labia majora