chemistry chapter 16 (acids, bases, and salts)

Identify and state several properties of acids.

1. Tastes sour, starts with hydrogen, and can sting/burn.

2. Reacts with common metal to form H2 gas, and reacts with carbonates to form CO2 gas.

3. With litmus it is red.

Identify and state several properties of bases.

1. Tastes bitter, ends with OH, and feels slippery.

2. Does NOT tend to react with common metals OR carbonates.

3. With litmus it is blue.

Explain the difference between a strong and a weak acid or base.

• STRONG ACIDS: Begin as neutral “molecules” but virtually all break apart to form charged particles called “ions” in solution.

• WEAK ACIDS: Weak acids can form some “ions,” but the equilibrium lies heavily to the left and most of the particles exist as neutral “molecules.”

• STRONG BASES: Strong bases conduct better than weak bases because they have “more ions.”

• WEAK BASES: Have fewer ions than strong bases.

State what substance pH measures.

• The pH scale actually measures hydrogen ion or, hydronium ion. (The concentration of a substance.)

Explain what it means to say that the pH scale is an inverse logarithmic scale.

• As you increase in pH, hydrogen/hydronium ion concentration decreases.

• (Hydrogen/hydronium ion decreases as you move left to right through the pH scale.)

Describe the typical range of the pH scale and know where strong and weak acids, neutrals, and strong and weak bases are found.

• The pH scale ranges from 0-14.0.

• From left to right: Strong Acid, Weak Acid, Neutral, Weak Base, and Strong Base.

Define an acid/base indicator.

• Substances that turn different colors when coming in contact with other substances of differing pH.

Know the colors associated with acids and bases for litmus paper, phenolphthalein, and universal indicator.

• ACIDS: Red litmus paper, colorless phenolphthalein, and red/orange/yellow universal indicator.

• BASES: Blue litmus paper, magenta phenolphthalein, and green/blue universal indicator.

Describe and know the general equation of a neutralization reaction

• Neutralization reactions occur when acids and bases are mixed together.

Define an acidic anhydride.

• Nonmetal oxides that react with water to form acids.

• CO2, SO2, SO3, and NO2.

Describe how acid rain forms and its effects on the environment.

• Acid rain forms by mixing water with acidic anhydrides.

Describe the process of acid-base titration.

1. A known amount of acid or base is placed into a flask.

2. Water/indicator is added.

3. The analyte is slowly titrated with its opposite.

4. The titration is stopped after an endpoint is reached.

Describe what occurs at the equivalence point of a titration.

• At the equivalence point, the moles of acid = the moles of base. At this point the acid and bases are completely neutralized.