Amanda TEAS SCIENCE

What structural components of the integumentary system are directly involved in regulating body heat?

Sweat glands , blood vessels in the dermis, and the epidermal layer

What are examples of long bones, and where are they located in the body?

Examples: femur (thigh), humerus (upper arm), and tibia (lower leg).

They are primarily located in the limbs.

What happens to the motion of molecules during a phase change from solid to liquid?

Heat energy increases molecular vibrations and breaks some intermolecular forces, allowing molecules to move more freely.

What is the process by which proteins are digested in the digestive system?

1. Begins in the stomach with pepsin

2. Continues in the small intestine with pancreatic enzymes like trypsin and chymotrypsin

3. Breaking proteins into amino acids.

How does the endocrine system maintain homeostasis through negative feedback?

By monitoring specific levels in the body and adjusting hormone secretion accordingly.

For example:

When blood glucose is high, the pancreas releases insulin,

When glucose is low, glucagon is released to raise levels

What is the role of the autonomic nervous system in regulating digestive enzyme secretion?

Parasympathetic nervous system- stimulates the secretion of digestive enzymes to facilitate nutrient breakdown

Sympathetic nervous system- inhibits enzyme secretion during stress

What happens during the formation of an ionic bond between sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl)?

Sodium (Na) transfers 1 valence electron to chlorine (Cl), resulting in a positively charged Na+ ion and a negatively charged Cl- ion, which are held together by electrostatic attraction

Where is the sternum located in relation to the rib cage?

The sternum is medial to the rib cage

What is the basic formula for carbohydrate monomers, and how does it relate to their structure?

Formula: CnH2nOn.

Consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio, providing the foundation for energy storage and structural roles.

How does the inflammatory response help eliminate pathogens?

It increases blood flow & capillary permeability, allowing white blood cells to reach the infection site and eliminate pathogens.

Why is tidal volume considered an important indicator of respiratory health?

Measures the amount of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath.

It can help identify respiratory conditions such as asthma or pulmonary fibrosis.

What structural feature allows skeletal muscles to generate strong contractions?

Contain long myofibrils made up of sarcomeres, which are the contracting units of the muscle

What are valence electrons, and why are they important in chemical reactivity?

Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shell of an atom

These electrons are frequently transferred or shared during chemical reactions, allowing atoms to achieve stability by obtaining a noble gas electron configuration.

What is the role of apocrine sweat glands in the integumentary system, and how does it differ from eccrine glands?

Sweat glands are associated with hair follicles and produce a thicker secretion with an odor, due in response to stress or hormonal changes

Unlike eccrine glands, they play a minor role in thermoregulation.

What features of arteries make them function?

Arteries have thick muscular walls and elastic fibers to withstand the high pressure of blood being pumped from the heart & to maintain blood flow

What is the significance of crossing over during meiosis?

It increases genetic diversity by exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes, resulting in new allele combinations in gametes.

How does negative feedback regulate blood glucose levels?

triggering the pancreas to release insulin when glucose levels are high

when glucose levels are low, promoting glycogen breakdown into glucose.

What is the primary energy source for cardiac muscle, and why is it important?

Cardiac muscle relies on aerobic metabolism and has a high mitochondrial density, p

Provides a continuous energy supply to prevent fatigue.

How do fungi get nutrients, and what ecological roles do they play?

Fungi obtain nutrients by decomposing organic material

They form symbiotic relationships with plants. They play roles as decomposers, nutrient recyclers, and disease-causing agents.

What is the role of the autonomic nervous system? Which types of actions does it control?

It regulates involuntary body functions such as breathing, heart rate, and digestion.

It controls actions involving smooth and cardiac muscles without conscious effort.

What happens to alleles during fertilization (Mendel's laws)

Alleles from each parent combine to form a zygote, resulting in two alleles for each gene in the offspring

What is the role of memory cells in adaptive immunity?

Memory cells are old lymphocytes that retain information about specific antigens.

Upon re-exposure to the same pathogen, they enable a rapid and enhanced immune response.

What is the relationship between the reproductive system and the endocrine system?

The endocrine system regulates hormones like FSH, LH, testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone

Which controls processes such as gamete production and the menstrual cycle

What is the primary purpose of mitosis?

purpose of mitosis is to produce two genetically identical daughter cells for tissue growth, repair, and maintenance of the organism

Difference in polysaccharides (cellulose and glycogen)

Cellulose is a linear polysaccharide that provides structural support in plant cell walls

Glycogen is a highly branched polysaccharide used for energy storage in animals.

What is the function of the seminal vesicles in the male reproductive system?

produce a fluid that nourishes sperm and forms part of the semen

Difference between closed circulatory system from open lymphatic system?

Closed circulatory system transports blood through arteries, veins, and capillaries

Open lymphatic system circulates interstitial fluid and filters it through lymph nodes, eventually draining it into the circulatory system

What property of water allows it to dissolve many substances (universal solvent)

Water's polarity allows it to dissolve many substances.

The (+) charged hydrogen and (-) charged oxygen attract and surround solute particles, enabling them to disperse in the solvent

Active transport VS. passive transport

Active transport requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradient (low to high)

Passive transport does not require energy and moves substances along their gradient (high to low)

Which layer of the skin contains the blood vessels that effect temperature regulation?

DERMIS- contains the blood vessels

These vessels can dilate or constrict to either release or conserve heat

What in the peripheral nervous system sends signals from the brain to reach their target destinations?

Nerves and ganglia

What does tRNA do in the correct sequence of amino acids during translation?

tRNA transports amino acids to the ribosome and uses its anticodon to pair with the complementary codon on the mRNA strand.

This ensures that amino acids are added in the correct sequence to form a functional protein.

inferior

refers to a structure being below or farther from the head compared to another structure

What is the importance of complementary base pairing in transcription?

ensures that the mRNA sequence accurately reflects the DNA template

adenine pairing with uracil in RNA

guanine pairing with cytosine.

How does the stomach mechanically and chemically digest food?

Mechanically digests food through muscle contractions

Chemically digests it with gastric secretions, breaking down proteins and mixing food into chyme

What is the triple point on a phase diagram?

The specific temperature & pressure at which solid, liquid, and gas coexist in equilibrium.

What happens to the valence electrons of Group IA and Group VIIA during chemical reactions?

Group IA elements lose one valence electron to form positive cations

Group VIIA elements gain one valence electron to form negative anions

Which type of blood vessel carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body's tissues?

Arteries

How does the presence of a catalyst affect the activation energy?

A catalyst lowers the activation energy, making it easier for the reaction to occur

Why is water's high specific heat important for living organisms?

allows it to absorb and release heat without significant temperature changes, helping to stabilize the internal and external environments of living organisms.

innate VS adaptive immunity

Innate immunity provides a nonspecific, immediate response to pathogens

(includes barriers like skin and phagocytes)

Adaptive immunity is specific, develops over time, and involves B cells and T cells that generate memory for specific pathogens

How does the autonomic nervous system effect tidal volume?

By adjusting the rate and depth of breathing based on the body's oxygen and carbon dioxide levels

What is the significance of controlling all variables except the independent variable in an experiment?

Controlling all other variables ensures that the observed effects are solely due to the independent variable, establishing a clear causal relationship

What is the function of surfactant in the alveoli?

reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing their collapse and ensuring efficient gas exchange

What is the difference between positive and negative feedback in the endocrine system?

Positive feedback temporarily amplifies a response to push levels further from homeostasis until a specific event occurs (Ex: oxytocin release during childbirth causing uterine contractions)

Negative feedback works to restore and maintain homeostasis by reducing hormone secretion when levels normalize (Ex: insulin secretion in response to high blood glucose)

How do arterioles regulate the delivery of oxygen to different tissues?

constricting or dilating, which adjusts the blood flow to tissues based on their oxygen demands

What is the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis?

They read mRNA codons and catalyzing the assembly of amino acids into polypeptide chains

How does hormones like ghrelin and leptin regulate appetite?

Ghrelin signals the body to seek food

Leptin signals fullness

Which muscle is most responsible for the process of inhalation?

diaphragm

How can the number of valence electrons in an element be determined using the periodic table?

Based on its group number in the periodic table

For example, Group IA elements have 1 valence electron, while Group IIA elements have 2 valence electrons.

Which neurotransmitter is primarily used by the sympathetic nervous system?

Norepinephrine

It activates adrenergic receptors to increase heart rate, blood pressure, and energy supply during stress

Which glands are located on top of the kidneys, and what is their function?

Adrenal glands

Primary function is to produce hormones that regulate heart rate, blood pressure, and stress responses.

Why do pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood, unlike other veins?

They carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart

While most veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart

What is the purpose of the proximal tubule in the nephron?

It reabsorbs glucose, water, and other solutes from the filtrate back into the blood through surrounding capillaries

How do codons function in the translation process?

Codons are sequences of 3 nucleotide bases in mRNA that specify particular amino acids or signaling to stop translation

Why does the partial pressure gradient of oxygen facilitate its movement into the blood?

The pressure makes oxygen move from the alveoli, where its concentration is HIGH, into the capillaries, where its concentration is LOW

How does the autonomic nervous system influence digestion (rest and digest state)

Parasympathetic nervous system stimulates smooth muscle contractions for mechanical digestion, enhances blood flow to the digestive organs, and promotes the secretion of digestive enzymes and hormones

Which gland in the brain controls the release of hormones from the pituitary gland?

hypothalamus

What type of bond is formed when a metal reacts with a nonmetal?

ionic bond i

The metal transfers its valence electrons to the nonmetal, resulting in oppositely charged ions

What is the function of the coronary arteries in relation to oxygen transport?

coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle to support its continuous contraction and function

What is the significance of coefficients in a chemical equation?

indicate the number of moles of each substance

What role does the diaphragm play in respiration?

contracts to increase lung volume and decrease pressure

How do phospholipids contribute to the semipermeable nature of the cell membrane?

create a bilayer with hydrophobic interiors and hydrophilic exteriors, allowing passage of nonpolar molecules while restricting polar and charged substances

Which maintains the membrane's semipermeability

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the (rest and digest) response?

parasympathetic

What is the primary function of the left ventricle in the cardiovascular system?

pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta, initiating systemic circulation to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the body's tissues

How does the density of a substance determine whether it will sink or float in water?

SINK if its density is greater than 1 g/cm³

FLOAT if its density is less than 1 g/cm³.

How do B cells contribute to the humoral immune response?

produce antibodies that specifically bind to antigens on pathogens, neutralizing them and marking them for destruction by other immune cells

Why is selective permeability of the plasma membrane essential for cell survival?

ensures that essential nutrients and ions enter the cell while waste products and harmful substances are expelled

(maintaining a stable environment in cell)

Why does meiosis contribute to genetic variation?

through processes like crossing over

Example: homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material

Example: independent assortment, where chromosomes are randomly distributed into gametes

How do the nervous system and endocrine system work together during childbirth?

Nervous system detects cervical stretching and that signals the hypothalamus, which prompts the posterior pituitary gland to release oxytocin, causing uterine contractions

How do the nuclei of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle cells different?

Skeletal muscle cells are multinucleated and located at the periphery

Cardiac muscle cells have one or two centrally located nuclei

Smooth muscle cells have a single central nucleus

What role does the sinoatrial node play in the heart?

acts as the heart's pacemaker by generating electrical impulses that initiate and regulate the heartbeat

Coordinating contractions of the atria and ventricles

What effect does testosterone have on the vocal cords during male puberty?

lengthens and thickens the vocal cords, which results in a deeper voice

What is the difference between an anion and a cation?

Anion is a negatively charged ion formed when an atom gains electrons

Cation is a positively charged ion formed when an atom loses electrons

How does the process of mitosis ensure genetic consistency in daughter cells?

It duplicates and evenly divides the parent cell's chromosomes, ensuring each daughter cell receives an identical set of genetic material

What are the primary classifications of microorganisms?

Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and animals

They differ by cellular structure, reproduction, size, and ways of obtaining nutrients

What particles are found in the nucleus of an atom?

The nucleus of an atom contains protons(+positive) and neutrons, which have no charge (neutral)

What is the primary function of melanocytes in the epidermis?

Produce melanin

Where in the kidney is erythropoietin produced, and what is its function?

Renal cortex

It stimulates the production of red blood cells in response to low oxygen levels

How does the plasma membrane maintain homeostasis within the cell?

Regulates the entry and exit of substances

Allows essential nutrients in and preventing harmful substances from entering

What is the anatomical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior sections?

Coronal (or frontal)

What carbohydrates is in cell recognition?

oligosaccharides

They are found on the surface of cell membranes and play a key role in cellular communication and immune responses

Why does increasing the pressure of a gas-phase reaction increase its rate?

It forces gas molecules closer together, increasing the probability of collisions and speeding up the reaction

How does the pulmonary loop contribute to oxygenation in the cardiovascular system?

It carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries, where oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxide is released in the alveoli.

The oxygenated blood then returns to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins.

Skeletal muscle VS cardiac muscle VS smooth muscle

Skeletal muscle is striated and voluntary, enabling conscious movement.

Cardiac muscle is also striated but involuntary, specialized for continuous heart contractions.

Smooth muscle is non-striated, involuntary, and functions in the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels for automatic control

Atomic mass calculated?

Adding the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus

Role of the Golgi Apparatus?

modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids into vesicles, preparing them for transport to their destinations inside or outside the cell

Hydrophilic VS Hydrophobic in water

Hydrophilic molecules interact well with water due to their polarity or charge, making them soluble

Hydrophobic molecules, being nonpolar, do not dissolve in water and instead repel

dentistry

ratio of mass to volume

How does testosterone contribute to the development of facial and body hair in males?

Testosterone stimulates hair follicles, leading to the growth of facial hair, chest hair, and other body hair

How does the renal medulla contribute to urine concentration?

Regulates urine concentration by adjusting the reabsorption of water and solutes

located in (innermost part of the kidney)

How do muscle receptors contribute to movement control?

detect changes in tension and length, sending feedback to the nervous system

This feedback helps regulate the force and timing of muscle contractions, ensuring coordinated movements

What happens during diffusion in the lungs?

Oxygen moves from the alveoli (high concentration) into the blood (low concentration),

Carbon dioxide moves from the blood (high concentration) into the alveoli (low concentration).

How does the vagus nerve contribute to the regulation of digestion?

It stimulates stomach acid production, enhancing peristalsis, and promoting the release of digestive enzymes

(Parasympathetic nervous system)

How do mutations in DNA affect protein synthesis?

Mutations can alter the sequence of nucleotides, leading to changes in mRNA codons

This may cause incorrect amino acids, potentially altering the protein's structure and function

How does testosterone impact muscle growth during male puberty?

stimulates protein synthesis and muscle development, leading to increased muscle mass and strength

Why is it necessary to balance chemical equations?

To ensure mass is conserved during the reaction. The number of atoms are the same on both sides of the equation

How does the nervous system initiate muscle contraction?

The nervous system sends signals to muscle fibers via nerve fibers, triggering the actin and myosin filaments in the muscles to interact, leading to contraction or relaxation

What are the main organs of the urinary system and their specific functions?

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

Kidneys filter blood, regulate fluid balance, and produce urine.

Ureters transport urine to the bladder

Bladder stores urine

Urethra expels urine from the body.

What are some examples of diseases caused by bacteria, and their modes of transmission?

Tuberculosis, meningitis, and food poisoning.

Transmitted through respiratory droplets, contaminated food, water, or direct contact with infected individuals