2Fundamentals of Nursing: The Art & Science of Person Centered Care, 10th Edition; Taylor, Lynn, Bartlett. Chapter 2: Theory, Research, and Evidence Based Practice- Review questions

A nursing student questions the primary nurse about instilling air into an NG tube to confirm placement, when they learned that x=ray validation of the tube's tip in the stomach reflects best practice. The student is validating safe nursing practice with which type of knowledge?

a. Instinctive knowledge

b. Scientific knowledge

c. Authoritative knowledge

d. Traditional knowledge

b. Scientific knowledge

Scientific knowledge is obtained through the scientific method of research: this leads to evidence-based practice.

Instinct, such as "I feel this is correct" is not a source of knowledge.

Traditional knowledge is part of nursing practice passed down from generation to generation, often without research or data to support it. (Ex: daily bathing & changing bed lines each day.)

Authoritative knowledge comes from an expert an is accepted as truth based on the person's perspective expertise.

A nurse is using the John's Hopkins Nursing Evidence-Based Practice (JHNEBP) model PET as a clinical decision-making tool when delivering care to patients. Which steps reflect the intended use of this tool? Select all that apply.

a. Recruiting an interprofessional team to develop and refine EPB

b. Drawing from personal experience of being a patient to establish a therapeutic relationship with a patient.

c. Conducting a search of electron data bases for current treatments for type 2 DM

d. Drawing on their spiritual training when counseling a patient in hospice at the end of life

e. Questioning the protocol for assessing postoperative patients retuning to the ICU

f. Studying pathophysiology to understand the disease states of assigned patient.

a. Recruiting an interprofessional team to develop and refine EPB

c. Conducting a search of electron data bases for current treatments for type 2 DM

e. Questioning the protocol for assessing postoperative patients retuning to the ICU

The JHNEBP model is a powerful problem solving approach to clinical decision making, which uses a three step process called PET: Practice question, Evidence, and Translation. The goal of the model is to ensure that the lates research findings and best practices are qui8ckly incorporated into patient care. Steps in PET include, but are not limited to recruiting am interprofessional team, developing and refining the EBP questions, and conducting internal an external searches for evidence.

A nurse is using general systems theory to assists a family of four develop healthier food choices. What statement BEST reflects a key point of this theory?

a. Food choices made by the parents will influence choices made by the children

b. The children should avoid giving feedback on the family food choices

c. Boundaries are closed between family members and their environments

d. A change in one family member's behavior rarely affects other members.

a. Food choices made by the parents will influence choices made by the children

General theory systems defines a systems as a set interacting elements contributing to the overall goal of the system. A change in one element could affect other subsystems, as well as the whole. To survive, open systems maintain balance through feedback, in this case, family members. An open system allows energy, matter, and information to move freely between systems and boundaries, such as with members of the health care team, whereas a closed system does not allow input from or output.

After their clinical experience, nursing students are given a reflective assignment to discuss the concepts in nursing theory that influence and determine nursing practice. What part of this theory is most important when delivering thoughtful care?

a. Environment

b. Health

c. Nursing

d. Person

d. Person

Of the four concepts, the MOST important is the person. The focus of nursing, regardless of definition or theory, is the person.

A charge nurse meets with staff to outline a plan to provide transcultural nursing care for patients in their health care facility. The charge nurse explains that transcultural care as the central theme of nursing care, knowledge, and practice was promoted by which of these theorists?

a. Madeline Leininger

b. Jean Watson

c. Dorothy E. Johnson

d. Betty Newman

a. Madeline Leininger

Madeline Leininger's theory provides the foundations of transcultural nursing care by making caring the central theme of nursing.

Jean Watson stated that nursing is concerned with promoting and resorting health, preventing illness, and caring for the sick.

The central theme of Dorothy E. Johnson's theory is that problems arise because of disturbances in the system or subsystem of functioning below optimal level.

Betty Newman proposed that humans are in constant relationship with stressors in the environment and the major nursing focus is keeping the patient system stable through accurate assessment of these stressors.

Nursing students have been assigned to discuss a section of a research article examining 24-hour visitation for patients in the ICU, What topic will the student assigned to the applicability section plan discuss?

a. Description of the tool that was used to gather the data

b. How the results could be used in the student's practice

c. Statistical methods used to determine the results

d. Whether informed consent was obtained from the participants

b. How the results could be used in the student's practice

Applicability refers to how study results could be used in practice. Method includes the design and the data analysis

Informed consent affirms the patient's right to agree to participate in a study without coercion, to refuse to participate without jeopardizing their care, the right to confidentiality, the right to be protected from harm, and the ability to withdraw from the study at any time.

A nurse conducting quantitative research to examine which of two types of silicone foam sacral dressings prevent pressure injuries in bedridden patients. What type of research is the nurse conducting?

a. Descriptive

b. Correlational

c. Quasi-experimental

d. Experimental

c. Quasi-experimental

Is often conducted in clinical settings to examine the effects of nursing interventions on clinical outcomes.

Descriptive research is often used to generate new knowledge about topics with little or no prior research

Correlational research examines the type and degree of relationships between two or more variables.

Experimental research examines cause-and-effect relationships between variables under highly controlled conditions.

A nurse conducting quantitative research hypothesizes that adolescents with anorexia nervosa who participate in outpatient therapy report less depression than those receiving inpatient treatment. What information does the nurse collect to support the hypothesis?

a. Subject's demographics

b. Variables

c. Data

d. Instruments

c. Data

Data refers to information that the researcher collects from subjects in the study, generally expressed in words, numbers, graphs, and charts

A variable is something (such as conditions, equipment, interventions) that varies and has different values (outcomes) that can be measured.

Instruments are devicesa used to collect and record the data, such as rating scales, pencil-and-paper tests, and biological measurements.

A nurse is conducting a qualitative research to study the culture of Native Alaskans and how their diet affects their overall state of health. Which method of research is the nurse using?

a. Historical

b. Ethnography

c. Grounded theory

d. Phenomenology

b. Ethnography

Ethnography research was developed by the discipline of anthropology and is used to examine issues of culture of interest to nurses.

Historical research examines events of the past to increase understanding of the nursing profession today.

The basis of grounded theory methodology is the discovery of how people describe their own reality and how their beliefs are related to their actions in a social scene.

The purpose of phenomenology (both philosophy and a research method) is to describe experiences as they are lived by the subjects being studied.

A nurse is formulating a clinical question in PICOT format. What does the letter P represent?

a. Comparison to another similar protocol

b. Clearly defined, focused literature review of procedures

c. Specific identification of the purpose of the study

d. Explicit descriptions of the population of interest

d. Explicit descriptions of the population of interest

P = explicit description of the patient population of interest

I = intervention

C = comparison

O = Outcome

T = time

A group of nurses in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) propose a study to determine which of two antiemetic medications from the same classification best relieve post op nausea. Before implementing the study whose approval will the nurse need?

a. Organizations surgical director

b. Pharmacy director and staff

c. Institutional review board

d. Director of nursing

c. Institutional review board

Federal regulations require that institutions receiving federal funding or conducting studies of drugs or medical devices regulated by the FDA establish institutional review boards (IRB's). The IRB's reviews studies conducted in the intuitions to determine the risk status of the studies and to ensure ethical principals are followed. While organizations may have internal procedures for conducting research, such as including surgeons, the director of nursing, the pharmacy director, and staff these are not government mandates. the type of study, such as randomized-controlled study, will be determined by the nurse in collaboration with the prescriber and approval or the IRB.